Why Did The Air Force Promote The Extraterrestrial UFO Viewpoint ?

Two Failed National Security Council Policies: UFO Denial and UFO
Extraterrestrialism

Sidney Shalett with full cooperation from the intelligence section of the
Air Force's Project Grudge published a two part article that appeared on
April 30 and May 7, 1949 in The Saturday Evening Post titled "What You Can
Believe About flying Saucers". This was the first article to explain
nationally the Air Force position on the flying saucer enigma. This article
skewed flying saucer reports and the concept of flying saucers into
absurdity and ridicule. Robert Ginna and H.B. Darrach published, again with
full cooperation of the Air Force, a two part article on April 7 and April
14, 1952 in Life magazine titled "Have We Visitors From Space?". In this
article the Air Force endorsed the extraterrestrial viewpoint as an
explanation for the appearance and origin of the flying saucer phenomenon.

In three short years and in two major national publications the Air Force
position went from rigid denial of the existence of the phenomenon to the
promotion of the extraterrestrial hypothesis as an explanation for the
appearance and origin of the unidentified flying objects. It now can be
viewed the two articles were part of a disinformation campaign designed by
the NSC to conceal from the American people the fact that a unique non-human
technology was operating advanced aeronautical devices in the atmosphere and
from the oceans of the Earth.

The promotion of the extraterrestrial hypotheses was apparently viewed as a
more manageable policy by the NSC and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, as opposed
to the continued denial of the phenomenon's reality whose incidence of
sightings was on the increase. Both policies eventually became workable
together in undermining the phenomenon's reality and creating a deceptive
focal point. Behind the scenes, events almost unbelievable appear to have
provided the motivation for the development of these policies. Freedom of
information act releases discredit the veracity of both these national
articles promoted by the NSC.

In part one of Sidney Shalett's two-part article published on April 30, 1949
Shalett opened with the Air Force's considerable and understandable
reluctance to set up a special project to investigate the reported
phenomenon. He mentions the Arnold story (first popular flying saucer
sighting) being reported in "Fate" magazine which styles itself as a "cosmic
reporter" and mentions that some later reports of UFOs obviously came from
hoaxers and publicity seekers. Capt. Thomas F. Mantell's P-51 disintegrated
chasing Venus was the conclusion of Dr. J. Allen Hynek, the Air Forces
astronomer hired to investigate UFO reports, but later, insiders from the
Naval Research Laboratory told Shalett that Capt. Mantell was chasing a Navy
cosmic ray balloon. However illogical and absurd the fact that unexplained
things were flying over America, the Air Force could not afford a closed
mind. Almost one page was devoted to the RAWIN radar target balloons being
the source of the sightings.

In part two published May 7, 1949 Shalett makes it clear that the men who
constitute the high command of the USAF do not believe in the flying
saucers, flying disks, or space ships from Mars or Russia. Even Generals
have seen strange things in the sky. A quote from Gen. Carl Spaatz, "If the
American people are capable of getting so excited over something which
doesn't exist God help us if anyone ever plasters us with a real atomic
bomb". Pilots were known to see strange things, they were usually the cause
of black outs, vertigo, self hypnosis, and other sensory Illusions. There
was evidence of hoaxes and the mass hysteria syndrome was possibly being
propelled by rumor. Shalett wrapped up the article with distinguished
scientist and Noble Prizewinner Dr. Irving Langmuir. Irving had spent a
lifetime debunking "pathological science" and lumped flying saucers into
this category. When asked by Shalett what he would advise the Air Force
about flying saucers, Irving snapped, "Forget It".

Hidden from public knowledge at that time and later obtained through a
freedom of information act query, was a classified intelligence document
titled "AMC Opinion Concerning 'Flying Disks' "dated Sept. 28, 1947. Part of
the document stated "The phenomenon reported is something real and not
visionary or fictitious" and... "The reported operating characteristics such
as extreme rate of climb, maneuverability (particularly in roll), and action
which must be considered evasive when sighted or contacted by friendly
aircraft and radar, lend belief to the possibility that some of the objects
are controlled either manually, automatically or remotely".

Free of bias in 1948 the British were viewing the UFO events taking place in
America from a unique perspective. England had very few UFO sightings and
they watched with great interest the peculiar American event as it unfolded.
On March 5, 1948 at a meeting of the British �brain trust� a group of
superiors from the British Interplanetary Society, a question was put "What
are the views of the brain trust on flying saucers?" Of the five members,
two had no comment, two cautioned an open mind but suggested the matter was
absurd, the last, Arthur C. Clark, viewed the fact that 90 percent of the
flying objects were being reported over America and not over the rest of the
planet, this was an unlikely condition for alien visitation. [1]

In May, 1950 a little over one year after the publishing of the Shalett UFO
denial article editor Jim Bishop of Fawcett Gold Metal Books reported the
Pentagon had applied �a lot of pressure� to prevent the publishing of Donald
Keyhoe's book "The Flying Saucers Are Real". Bishop challenged the Pentagon
to prove publication of the book would do the country harm. The official
Pentagon reply was that it had "no interest" in Keyhoe's book. [2] In
contrast to the Shalett debunking article, Robert Ginna and H.B. Darrach's
article "Have We Visitors From Space" published in "Life" magazine April 7,
1952 describes an Air Force that maintains constant intelligence
investigation and study of unidentified aerial objects. A policy of positive
action using aircraft for interception, radar, and photographic equipment
will be used to obtain factual data. Attempts to recover the objects will be
made. Operational units of the USAF were ready to report any sightings.
Other groups including scientists, pilots both commercial and private,
weather observers, anyone whose work concerns the sky are urged to report
their sightings to the Air Technical Intelligence Center. Now that Project
"Saucer" was a standard intelligence function, the Air Force invited all
citizens to report their sighting to the nearest Air Force Base. There was
no reason to believe the UFO belonged to a foreign power or constituted a
direct threat to the United States.

Exhaustive inquiry concluded disks, cylinders, geometrical forms of a
luminous quality and solid nature, for several years, has been present in
the atmosphere. Globes of green light brighter than a full moon have
frequently passed through the skies. The objects cannot be explained by
present science as natural phenomenon but solely as artificial devices,
created and operated by a high intelligence. No power plant known or
projected could account for the performance of these devices.

Ginna and Darrach went on to evaluate 10 UFO cases. In each instance the
deduction was the same, the phenomenon's performance was not of this Earth.
Nothing from any country on Earth could operate at the speed, altitude, or
rate of acceleration of these devises. No known optical or atmospheric
phenomenon could account for what was being seen. No human pilot could stand
the tremendous "G" loads brought to bear on the airframe. In 10 cases the
evaluation was the same, not of this Earth.

The article conclusion was, they were not psychological phenomenon, products
of U.S. research, a Russian development, distortions of the atmosphere due
to atomic development, or skyhook balloons. Dr. Walther Riedel chief rocket
designer from Peenemunde now doing secret work in the U.S., who had kept
saucer records was quoted, "I am completely convinced that they have an
out-of-world bases." Dr. Riedel's arguments were reinforced by those of Dr.
Maurice A. Biot leading aerodynamicist and mathematical physicist, "The
least improbable explanation is that these things are artificial and
controlled.....My opinion for some time has been that they have an
extraterrestrial origin."

In three years the Air Force position shifted from one extreme to the other.
What had happened during this short period of time to cause this reversal of
Air Force policy? Both articles were promoted by the Air Force Chief of
Staff. UFOs did exist, top-secret internal Air Force documents testified to
the UFO reality. The extraterrestrial focus was introduced to the American
psyche. UFOs were real and they came from "space" was the new official
position of Air Force Intelligence. Major General Charles P. Cabell,
Director of Air Force Intelligence Headquarters Washington D.C., skillfully
arranged for Bob Ginna and H. B. Darrach of Life magazine to come
independently to the conclusion that UFOs were extraterrestrial. The general
successfully introduced this new national security policy of viewing the
phenomenon as extraterrestrial in nature, into the nation's belief system.
For the successful insertion of this critical intelligence policy into the
American belief system, the general was rewarded, by his superiors with a
promotion. The general was appointed Director of the Joint Staff. Later the
general would serve 10 years as deputy director of the CIA. To FOIA requests
soliciting information about the general's intelligence record especially at
the Joint Staff, there is no record, the general is literally a non-person.

For over a year Ginna had more liberty at Air Technical Intelligence Center
than any other reporter and Ruppelt the head of Project "Blue Book" knew
that the Air Force had unofficially inspired the Life article. [3] Never
before had a news reporter been given access to the ATIC like Bob Ginna.
Ginna fired questions at his hosts at ATIC that made them sweat and rip open
bundles of files in search of answers. The Office of Public Relations, at
the Pentagon, answer to the surge of newspapermen who flooded ATIC with
questions was, "The article is factual, but 'Life's' conclusions are their
own."

The article by Ginna, with Air Force cooperation from the highest level set
Americas focus on the skies for answers about the critical question, where
do UFOs come from? Conspicuously absent in his article was any contribution
from the Air Technical Intelligence Center of the numerous marine sightings
reported since Columbus's discovery of the New World. The extraterrestrial
viewpoint to explain the origin of the phenomenon was formulated by the
highest policy body in the nation the National Security Council and
implemented into the American belief system by the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
UFOs were real and they came from "space".

The Marine Connection

Another top secret document unknown to the American public at the time the
Shalett and Ginna articles were published, and not uncovered until 1985
through the Freedom of Information Act by the efforts of researcher Robert
Todd, was Air Intelligence Division Study No. 203 titled "Analysis Of Flying
Object Incidents In The U.S.". In December 1948 Air Intelligence Division
Study No. 203 produced by The Directorate of Air Force Intelligence and
Office of Naval Intelligence made the rounds at the highest levels in select
segments of the intelligence community.

This document didn't claim the UFOs were interplanetary but considered
possible Soviet origin and described the parameters and performance
characteristics of past UFO sightings. Startling in this report and with
incredible implication were the contents of paragraph No. 7, which stated,
"The pattern of sightings is definable." "Sightings have been most intense
throughout the states bordering The Atlantic and Pacific coast lines, and
the central states of Ohio and Kentucky" the report added "Although reported
domestic incidents are widely scattered throughout the U.S., frequency of
sighting and number of observers per sighting assumes a definite pattern.
There is a large concentration of sightings along the Eastern Seaboard,
another large concentration throughout the Western Coast states, and a few
sightings in the Middle West. Distortion of incidents by configuration of
object and description of maneuverability is approximately equal in each of
these areas and this is believed to further substantiate the possibility
that one type of object might have been observed in different aspects of
flight".

While the air force has always been associated with the study of the UFO
phenomenon here we see a keen interest in the phenomenon by the Office of
Naval Intelligence. This secret document of December 1948 records the
observation that   "Sightings have been most intense throughout the states
bordering The Atlantic and Pacific coast lines". This very same observation
would be repeated during the massive UFO wave of July 1952. UFOs didn't
invade America's airspace from Canada or Mexico they appeared from the sea.

Absent in this report was the heavy concentration of UFO sightings over
America's atomic testing grounds, nuclear production facilities, and nuclear
storage sites in the Western part of the country. The secret document
implied (1) the objects were not a threat to national security, (2) there
was no evidence indicating the objects were interplanetary, (3) the objects
may be an unknown "natural phenomenon".

Air Intelligence Division Study No. 203 with the help of the Office of Naval
Intelligence presents the first important clue that the Pentagon was well
aware of the phenomenon's marine nature. This document is one of the rarest
documents in the national archives linking the Office of Naval Intelligence
to any association with the investigation of the phenomenon and offers an
early clue that the study of the UFO phenomenon did not fall totally within
the realm of the Air Force. Could the naval UFO experience be more involved
than the air force? Is there a possibility that the Navy had years ago
created a special secret group to investigate the strange aerial and marine
manifestations? These questions are unequaled in importance in understanding
the UFO phenomenon and the evolution of the modern UFO cover-up. Air
Intelligence Division Study No. 203 represents the tip of an iceberg, of
naval involvement with the phenomenon that has gone unrecognized for over a
hundred years.

A considerable collection of data indicates Naval experience with the
phenomenon dated back to the turn of the century and the Navy had
accumulated more knowledge and experience with the phenomenon than was
previously known. The first journal to routinely publish reports about the
phenomenon as early as the 1900's was the U.S. Naval Hydrographic Office's
"Notice To Mariners". And the first name given to the enigmatic phenomenon
by that same office was "Celestial Phenomenon" seen at sea. Almost fifty
years later the air force would call these same enigmatic objects
"Unidentified Flying Objects".

One account published in "Notice to Mariners" provides insight into an early
serious naval interest in the enigmatic phenomenon. As curious sightings of
strange flying objects seen at sea are nothing new in marine history. This
one case in particular had the potential to affect and shape naval interest
in the phenomenon early in the century more than any other UFO sighting.

The UFO sighting of Lt. Frank H. Schofield while aboard the USS Supply, off
the coast of California on the 28th of February 1904 and reported in
"Notices To Mariners". Schofield's account was: "The meteors appeared near
the horizon and below the clouds, traveling in a group from Northwest to
North (true) directly toward the ship"... "At first their angular motion was
rapid and color a rather bright red. As they approached the ship they
appeared to soar, passing above the clouds at an elevation of about 45
degrees. After rising above the clouds their angular motion became less and
less until it ceased, when they appeared to be moving directly away from the
Earth at an elevation of about 75 degrees and in direction West-Northwest
(true). It was noted that the color became less pronounced as the meteors
gained in angular elevation".

"When sighted, the largest meteor was in the lead, followed by the second in
size at a distance of less than twice the diameter of the larger, and then
by the third in size at a similar distance from the second in size. They
appeared to be traveling in echelon, and so continued as long as in sight".

"The largest meteor had an apparent area of about six suns. It was egg
shaped the sharper end forward. This end was jagged in outline. The after
end was regular and in full outline".

"The second and third meteors were round and showed no imperfections in
shape. The second meteor was estimated to be twice the size of the sun in
appearance, and the third meteor about the size of the sun".

"When the meteors rose there was no change in relative positions nor was
there at any time any evidence of rotation or tumbling of the large meteor".

"The near approach of these meteors to the surface and the subsequent flight
away from the surface appeared to be most remarkable, especially so as their
actual size could not have been great. That they did come below the clouds
and soar instead of continuing their southeasterly course is also equally
certain, as the angular motion ceased and the color faded as they rose. The
clouds in passing between the meteors and the ship completely obscured the
former. Blue sky could be seen in the intervals between the clouds.

"The meteors were in sight over two minutes and were carefully observed by
three people, whose accounts agree as to details." [4]

This account is only another marine UFO sighting in a massive collection of
marine sightings, except, the witness later would become Admiral Schofield,
Commander In Chief, of the Pacific Fleet in the 1930s. The accountability
and detail of the Schofield sighting could only confirm suspicions,
collected from numerous historical marine reports, that unidentified aerial
objects were operating over the Earth's oceans and seas.

When military personal who have had UFO experiences rise to the highest
levels of the military hierarchy it would be prudent to expect that they
would give the UFO reality exacting consideration throughout their careers.
The probably that a secret Naval project was formed later in the century to
analyze the plenteous collection of worldwide UFO sightings is certainly
magnified when Lieutenant Schofield's UFO sighting, and his ascent in the
naval hierarchy are considered. The rise of Schofield to CIC of the Pacific
Fleet with a perception for unusual marine phenomenon certainly should have
influenced the development and direction of naval UFO investigations. Frank
H. Schofield was in a position to have had a pivotal influence on the Office
of Naval Intelligence concerning UFO investigations.

The name assigned to the frequently occurring phenomenon by the Air
Technological Intelligence Center, Unidentified flying object, is woefully
incorrect as a name to define the reported phenomenon. Fifty-percent of all
UFO reports describe a phenomenon that is flying to the sea, flying from the
sea, flying over the sea, diving into the water, coming out of the water, or
operating with submarine like characteristics under the sea. [5] An
amphibious designation also falls short of accurately portraying the unique
marine capability displayed by the phenomenon.

A more comprehensive and definitive name for the phenomenon would have to
recognize the multiphibious characteristics inherent to the phenomenon from
a numerous collection of land, and marine sightings. The term unconventional
multiphibious vehicle (UMV) certainly describes succinctly the reported
phenomenon. The implications of the phenomenon's historical association with
the sea are compounded by the fact that half of all UFO sightings are
reported by a exceedingly small number of observers. This fact, this
statistical anomaly is explosive in its indications.

A casual survey of UFO literature is replete with cases of UFOs causing
interference and disruptions with the electromagnetic spectrum. Ships
compasses wander and deviations in the Earth's magnetic field are reported
when UFOs are seen. Cosmic ray indicators fluctuate. Radio and TV
disturbances are common. Automobile, truck, and aircraft electrical systems
fail in the presence of UFOs. Plants, animals, and human beings are burnt by
radiation emitted by UFOs when in close proximity. Acoustic signatures and
sonar contacts have been reported when UFOs are seen entering or emerging
from the sea. Intense light emissions of every spectrum are reported in UFO
sightings. If UFOs appeared in close proximity to naval vessels and affected
radio communications, the naval communications intelligence section of naval
operations would have been vigilant of any electromagnetic affect
experienced.

The Search For Extraterrestrial Intelligence

Soon after H.G.Wells wrote The War Of The Worlds in 1898 radio signals of an
unknown origin were detected between 1899-1924 by three experimental
scientists, Nikola Tesla, Guglielmo, and David Todd each working
independently of each other observed electromagnetic transmissions that
suggested possible interplanetary communications. According to Tesla in
1899, ..."they are the results of an attempt by some human beings, not of
our world, to speak to us by signals....I am absolutely certain that they
are not caused by anything terrestrial."[6] Marconi in 1921 while on the
"Elettra" in the Mediterranean received radio transmissions he felt
originated from outer space.

By 1924 American science fiction writers had developed a conceptual
foundation in the American mental framework to accept the possibility that
intelligent life could exist on other planets in the solar system. An early
focus in the search for an extraterrestrial intelligence was the moon but
science discounted this because of the fact that the moon lacked an
atmosphere that made life impossible by human standards. A preoccupation
developed with some thinkers in the science community that because of its
relative similarity to earth, there was a possibility that there was life on
the planet Mars.

Astronomers had reported atmospheric and seasonal changes and a system of
canals. Mars became the focus of the place where another "human" like
intelligent species could reside. Some American scientists were certain this
theoretical species, if they were real, would try to contact earth.

Most certainly the Navy was not immune from this viewpoint. The navy's
historical experience with strange "celestial phenomenon" seen at sea, had
to have developed into a preoccupation that surely influenced the naval
intelligence community. The UFO phenomenon had been observed and reported in
ships logs and journals dating back to at least the time of Christopher
Columbus's discovery of the new world.

The reality that Earth may indeed be the object of visitation by another
intelligent species from the planets had to have matured to the point where
some element of naval intelligence was searching for the place of origin for
the broadly reported phenomenon. In July, 1922 the code and signal section
of the Naval Communications Service was assigned the organizational title of
OP-20-G. Later the X subsection of this cryptological group became
responsible for radio direction finding, communications interception, and
the analysis of all electromagnetic emissions within the radio spectrum.
Because of the tremendous distances involved in oceanic communications naval
signal intelligence was positioned at the highest levels in the nation's
intelligence organization. Naval Cryptology was responsible for sending and
deriving information from the entire electromagnetic spectrum.

OP-20-G was one of the first sections in the intelligence community to
compartmentalize intelligence. This was not a security classification like
top secret. Access was limited to those individuals who had a definite need
to know specific information gained by cryptology. If there were indeed
electromagnetic emissions emanating from the enigmatic "Celestial
Phenomenon" seen at sea, the people who worked at the secret OP-20-G section
in naval operations would have been the first to know.

The futuristic flight characteristics and observed flight formations
indicating intelligent control should have been the factor that motivated
the Department of the Navy to create the first SETI (search for
extraterrestrial intelligence) project in 1924. The projects focus was on
Mars as the planet came within 34 million miles from Earth. The unique
combination of mysterious radio transmissions and unidentified flying object
sightings certainly was an indicator to some military scientists that Mars
was inhabited by intelligent beings and they were visiting earth. The impact
on government and military thinking by H.G. Wells "War of the Worlds"
certainly influenced the decision to focus on Mars for any electromagnetic
emissions as it approached Earth in 1924.

The seriousness of this first SETI project required that the government
order all radio transmissions to cease at the time of the experiment. A navy
admiral ordered world wide radio silence for the entire naval fleet at this
time. Cooperation for this period of radio silence worldwide was obtained
through American diplomatic channels. [7] Dr. David Todd using the Jenkins
radio-camera for the Naval Observatory recorded a series of dots on
sensitized paper during the time of the test.[8] The first digital
communications ever received were recorded from an unknown source during
this first period of world scientific cooperation.

Even world renowned code expert William F. Friedman, then Chief of the Code
Section in the office of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army was standing
by to translate any messages that may have come from Mars. [9] Friedman in
1952 became chief technical consultant to the National Security Agency and
two years later became the special assistant to the director of the National
Security Agency. [10]

During this period of enlightenment and discovery in American science this
early SETI project involved, the Department of the Navy, the National Bureau
of Standards, the Army's Signal Corps, the Naval Observatory, the diplomatic
community, and the best scientific minds in the country,. In the background
one scientist of particular importance to the UFO problem in the coming
years, Dr. Donald H. Menzel, knew human-like beings could not be on Mars
sending radio messages for the atmosphere was too thin. It was during this
time in American history that Dr. Donald H. Menzel obtained one of the first
degrees in astrophysics. Menzel years later would become a strict supporter
of the intelligence communities first policy dealing with UFOs, the policy
of denial.

Sometime after 1924 the collection of reports of strange flying machines
that behaved contrary to the known scientific dictates of that time had to
indicate to naval researchers that the earth was more enigmatic then
tradition alluded. Evidence was being continually added to support the
hypothesis that the observed phenomenon might be a previously undiscovered
natural phenomenon. During that time the Polar Regions and the oceans in
general were relatively unexplored. The navy was thrust by fate to become
the agency to investigate and resolve the reality of the mysterious and
perplexing historical "Celestial Phenomenon" seen at sea.

By 1929 the IPY (International Polar Years) study focused on the Polar
Regions of the earth for clues about the "Celestial Phenomenon" that had
been observed over the oceans. The secret naval interest and voyages into
the Polar Regions were disguised as missions of exploration and scientific
discovery. This shift in focus from Mars to the poles was logical as
continued reports of the phenomenon were logged worldwide. The remoteness
and isolation of the Polar Regions stirred the imaginations of these
scientists and a focus on Antarctica developed in the scientific community
where a possible base for a visiting intelligence could exist.

Frank Edwards wrote of this interest, "Early in this century a few
scientists had cautiously theorized that such study (of the Polar Regions)
would vindicate their suspicions (Celestial Phenomenon), if it ever became
possible." [11] Unfortunately, Edwards did not document who these scientists
were. Interestingly, the South Pole 28 years later would be the focus of the
navy's "Operation Deepfreeze" excursions into Antarctica for the IGY
(International Geophysical Year) world survey and just in time for a
predictable increase in UFO activity. This later polar survey was managed by
the National Security Council Operations Coordinating Board.

Doctor No

Dr. Donald H. Menzel's complicity to the secret naval UFO investigatory
group and UFO cover-up becomes vivid when his role played in the UFO theater
is understood. Dr. Menzel had long ties and associations to the Joint Chiefs
of Staff and Naval intelligence. He was most likely recruited by these
agencies to investigate the phenomenon because he obtained one of the first
degrees in astrophysics. The freedom of information act ceases to work when
queries are made soliciting information about his early activities in the
intelligence community. National security interests override the public's
right to know of Dr. Menzel's involvement with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and
Office of Naval Intelligence.

Dr. Menzel's academic and naval careers position him uniquely to have had a
part in Naval UFO investigations. Dr. Menzel was associated with Navy
cryptology, the Office of Naval Intelligence, the National Security Agency,
the Naval Observatory, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1930 to 1960. Dr.
Menzel's academic passion in real life was astronomy and the study of the
sun from his roost at Harvard. Dr. Menzel also lived a secret life in the
world of top secret cryptological compartmentalized intelligence.

He had a long association with a "special group" originally lodged in the
Office of Naval Intelligence and then later the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and
finally the National Security Agency, throughout his entire 30 years of
intelligence service. This association only became known because of a rift
that developed between President Kennedy and this "special group" in 1960.
Menzel offered to mediate the problem President Kennedy developed with this
"special group" located in the national security structure because of his 30
year long association with it. [12]

Dr. Menzel had two UFO sightings, one in 1947 and the other in 1948 at
Holloman Air Base near Alamogordo, the New Mexico atomic test site. His
earliest reflections on the phenomenon were noncommittal and yielding only
that he had certain ideas about what the phenomenon could be. A short time
later his focus paralleled the National Security Council's UFO denial
policy. At that time he was associated with the Joint Chiefs of Staff doing
secret radio wave propagation experiments. Dr. Menzel was able to explain
all sightings of the UFO phenomenon as insignificant naturally occurring and
misinterpreted atmospheric aberrations caused by weather and temperature
light inversions.

Dr. Menzel's temperature and light inversion theories explained the
appearance of all UFO sightings. These theories were soon found suspect by
Air Force Intelligence and the Air Technological Intelligence Center who
knew the phenomenon was real. At that time ATIC investigations focused on a
collection of UFO reports that involved the simultaneous observation of the
phenomenon by radar, pilots, and ground observers, these reports were given
top priority by ATIC analysts.

Whenever public curiosity developed regarding the phenomenon Dr. Menzel was
there with full scientific credential to refute and discount the
phenomenon's reality in the publics eye. Dr. Menzel became a predator to
those in the scientific community who developed a continued interest in the
UFO phenomenon. Armed with a Ph. D. in astronomy, an extensive knowledge in
optical physics, and special knowledge about the phenomenon gained from his
position in naval intelligence. Menzel carried a deadly sting to the
arguments of his colleges and juniors in the scientific community who
supported the phenomenon's reality.

Dr. Menzel was a well trained scientific heavy weight in the fight to block
the American scientific community from becoming involved in the study of the
UFO phenomenon, in spite, of his own observations. In retrospect it can be
viewed that Dr. Menzel played a role of misinforming and disinforming a
generation of scientists and a trusting public about the unique natural
phenomenon that had appeared in large numbers in American reality after the
birth of the atomic bomb.

Dr. Menzel's association with disinformation continued well after his death.
He is mentioned as a member of the team that studied the UFO crash in
Roswell, N.M. on June of 1947 in the mysterious and suspect MJ-12 Briefing
Document that surfaced in 1984. Here Dr. Menzel is mentioned in a context
uncharacteristic of his earlier debunking views that UFO's did not exist. A
quote from the briefing document states..."Since it is virtually certain
that these craft do not originate in any country on Earth, considerable
speculation has centered around what the point of origin might be and how
they got here. Mars was and remains a possibility, although some scientists,
most notably Dr. Menzel, consider it more likely that we are dealing with
beings from another solar system entirely...".

After his death in 1976, he was still used by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to
promote the fabricated extraterrestrial UFO hypotheses. It would be prudent
not to accept the context of the MJ-12 Briefing Document since Dr. Menzel
was dead when this document surfaced. There is a high probability the
document is disinformation designed by national security managers to
reinforce the extraterrestrial hypothesis. Dr. Menzel's debunking views of
the UFO phenomenon during his naval and academic careers certainly
paralleled the National Security Council's policies that were implemented by
the Jointed Chiefs of Staff. Dr. Menzel's affinity for the Naval Research
Laboratory was observed by Dr. Hynek, who stated that every time he went to
the NRL Menzel was always there. Unfortunately records from the NRL dating
from 1946 to the 1960's and most records from the Joint Chiefs of Staff have
been destroyed. Dr. Menzel's activities at the Joint and Common Chiefs of
Staff as well as the Naval Research Laboratory will never be known to
historians. To "Freedom of Information Act" queries Dr. Menzel is another
non-person.

One book should have been sufficient to debunk the phenomenon but Dr. Menzel
was compelled to write three books attacking the phenomenon�s reality. This
strange and unusual motivation only recently can be understood as his role
in the UFO cover-up is exposed. One statement by Menzel should in time prove
to be a potential powder keg, "I do not believe that the exploding of the
atomic bomb was in any way a direct cause of the saucers". [13] Substantial
evidence indicates the opposite is true. It is interesting to note that the
Office of Naval Research was established on August 1946, one month after the
completion of the nuclear tests at Eniwetok in the South Pacific and at the
time of the first outbreak of UFO reports.

Sea Stories

A number of UFO sightings occurring between the 1940's and 1960's firmly
support a Marine- Earth UFO hypotheses rather than an extraterrestrial
hypotheses. The implications of the phenomenon's marine association give us
clear insight into why an ultra secret campaign evolved to debunk the UFO
reality. The Department of Navy avoids any association with the UFO
phenomenon like it was the plague. Naval vessel logbooks have been erased of
all UFO sightings. The Naval Research Laboratory records have been
destroyed. All Joint Chiefs of Staff records have been destroyed without
authorization.

If it can be determined from aerial sightings that UFOs are from "space" as
the American people have been led to believe, then what can be determined
about the origin of UFOs that operate like flying submarines from the oceans
of the earth? The following UFO report from 1942 certainly drowns the lofty
extraterrestrial viewpoint created to explain the appearance of the
phenomenon. Off the coast of Tasmania there were reports of strange lights
in the Bass Strait by local fisherman. The Royal Air Force patrolled the
straits looking for the cause of the lights. This account by a RAF airman
describes a phenomenal sighting that severely challenged his collective
belief system concerning aerial machinery and reality.

....."At 5:50 P.M., of a lovely sunny evening, we were flying some miles
East of the Tasman Peninsula when on a sudden, there came out of a cloud
bank, a singular airfoil of glistening bronze color. I'd say it was around
150 feet long, and about fifty feet in diameter. It had a short beak on its
prow, and the surface seemed burled, or rippled, or fluted. On its upper
surface was a dome or cupola, from which I seemed to see reflected flashes
as the sun struck something, which might or might not have been a helmet,
worn by something inside. The other end of the airfoil fined out into a sort
of fin. Every now and again there came from its keel greenish-blue flashes.
It turned at a small angle towards us and I was amazed to see, framed in a
white circle on the front of the dome, an image of a large, grinning
Cheshire cat!"

"The damn thing flew parallel to us for some minutes, and then it abruptly
turned away and, as it did so, it showed four things like fins on its
belly-side. It went off at a hell of a pace, turned and dived straight down
into the Pacific, and went under, throwing up a regular whirlpool of waves!
Just as if it had been a submarine. No, the Japs had nothing in the
amphibious line like that mysterious bird !....[14] The person who reported
this incident went on to work at the secret weapons and long range missiles
experimental desert station in Woomera, Australia, certainly not a person
prone to delusion.

The significance of the observation of fins on this object implies a marine
function on an aeronautical object. This indicates the flying machine was
also engineered to operate from the oceans while initially observed
preforming advanced aerial maneuvers. As the concept of the origin of the
UFO falls from the extraterrestrial heights promoted by the National
Security Council, to the depths of the oceans, this simple testimony by a
witness offers another piece of forensic evidence indicating the
phenomenon's marine association.

The image of the grinning Cheshire cat on this unconventional multiphibious
vehicle, while at first thought may seem preposterous, indicates painfully a
connection and hidden relationship of the phenomenon to human experience.
This similarity and mimicking, of the pictorials painted on the allied
bombers and fighters of that time period, by the UFO is disturbing in its
context and unfortunate for the current human belief systems.

In 1950 the "revolt of the Admirals� led to the deployment of nuclear
weapons on naval ships. The Franklin D. Roosevelt was one of the first
aircraft carriers to deploy Mark-3 nuclear weapons. The FDR's UFO
experiences started when the vessel operationally began to carry nuclear
weapons. The FDR�s voyages became the object of a strange aerial
reconnaissance by the UFO that is exceptional in naval experience.

The preoccupation by the UFO to the FDR's voyages indicates a direct
vulnerability to nuclear weapons and their mobility. This vulnerability
appears to be so considerable that the phenomenon compromised its usually
secretive and hidden existence in our domain to monitor the FDR's voyages at
the risk of exposure. It is this vulnerability to nuclear weapons that is
the greatest indicator that links the phenomenon to the physical world and
indicates that somewhere on the planet, in some unperceived domain, another
intelligence shares the world with humanity. This diagnostic clue is central
to any forensic investigation of the UFO phenomenon. Again a marine theme
links the phenomenon's presence to environmental rather then
extraterrestrial association.

The FDR's case history of UFO surveillance has been well documented by Chet
Grusinsky who while serving as a seaman on the FDR observed a glowing cigar
like object with a row of windows approach the FDR. According to Grusinsky,
"It was close enough you could see a row of windows. You could see through
the windows, and there were figures. My impression was they were not human
beings. It took off quick and I could feel the heat on my skin." [15] The
UFO's interest in the FDR was extensive in the Atlantic. The FDR was under
surveillance by UFOs during cruises to Brazil, and Guantanamo, Cuba. UFOs
followed the carrier from Mayport, Florida, to England, and into the
Mediterranean Sea. The FDR's homeport in Mayport, Florida became the object
of an increase in UFO sightings when the carrier returned from sea
operations. In the Atlantic off the FDR's homeport in Mayport, Florida, UFOs
were frequently seen, as if they were on station waiting for the carrier to
begin a cruise. [16] The reason for the FDR's Atlantic UFO escort remains a
mystery, but Chester Grusinsky feels the escort certainly was an indicator
that the UFO phenomenon had a keen interest in nuclear weapons and nuclear
weapon mobility.

During the FDR's participation in the Operation Mainbrace maneuvers in the
North Sea in 1952 UFOs over flew and followed the fleet for several days. It
was these overflights in the North Sea that caused the RAF to officially
recognize the UFO reality.[17] There are no records of the FDR's UFO
sightings appearing in the ships log. It is interesting that several UFO
researchers have recently reported that U. S. Naval vessel logs appear to
have been tampered with. Researchers who are following up on UFO sightings
reported from naval vessels are finding the ships logs have been edited and
rewritten without any mention of the sightings.

"Unconventional Flying Objects:`A Scientific Analysis" by Paul R. Hill
published in 1995 focused on the phenomenon's physics and aerodynamics. Paul
R. Hill's personal sightings in July 1952 were witnessed from the shores of
the Chesapeake Bay. He witnessed three objects maneuvering over the
Chesapeake Bay. Hill�s later physical analysis of the objects concluded the
"UFOs were not aircraft, for they do not utilize aerodynamic forces". They
had high thrust to weight ratio and thrust-vector control. Hill was able to
calculate in one instance the physical density as about 96 percent that of
water, exceedingly close to the density of a conventional submarine.
According to Hill "This density, if representative, could explain the
observed underwater operation and the apparent multiphibious nature of the
UFO. It's particularly important that we take note that an object of this
density, equipped with a retractable landing gear, is a very substantial
"flying" machine made to land on land and having properties consistent with
operation from water surfaces or even underwater."[18] This observation by
Hill is a difficult concept to deal with, a flying submarine that far
outperformed the best jets in the Air Force inventory at that period of
time. Yet numerous marine sightings confirm the accuracy of Hill's
observations. Hill commented that his instant impression of his sighting was
that the vehicles were surveying the East Coast. Hill's observations
certainly confirm the validity of Air Intelligence Division Study No. 203's
reflection that the phenomenon approached the United States from the marine
environment rather than from a continental direction. The logical question
of where in the oceans do the phenomenon originate from was addressed by
IGY. Lenoard H. Stringfield recalled that while en route to the Atsugi
Airdrome, Tokyo, August 28, 1945, before the major allied landing, he was
midway between Ie Shoma and Iwo Jima and recalled, "As the plane dipped,
sputtered oil and lost altitude...I remember looking out through one of the
portholes and to my surprise, seeing three unidentifiable blobs of brilliant
white light, each about the size of a dime held at arms length." The blobs
followed the plane at the same speed "seemingly parallel to the C-46,...when
my plane pulled up, the objects remained below and they disappeared into a
cloud bank." [19]

Another marine incident, worthy of deep investigation by researchers,
focuses on the island of Tinian, where the bombers were stationed that
dropped the atomic bombs on Japan in 1945. "In the last weeks (late April,
1953), our ships and aircraft have sighted numerous flying objects of
unknown origin. Their flight courses were plotted and permit conclusions
about their take-off and landing bases. Near the island of Tinian, one of
these projectiles was rammed by a specially equipped airplane and sunk into
the sea."(Report of the Chief of the U.S. Defense HQ., D., Tokyo, May 9,
1953.) [20]

In 1963 over the Puerto Rico Trench a Naval task force of helicopters and
aircraft from the carrier Wasp and several smaller surface ships tracked and
hunted an undersea object that had been detected by sonar. For four days an
unidentified sumerged object played a cat and mouse like game with the Naval
task force. The object was tracked by sonar traveling at speeds up to 170
miles per hour and maneuvering to depths as great as 27,000 feet. [21] In
this unique report it can be seen that the Navy is able to interact
gamefully with the intelligence that drives the UFO. A hide and seek catch
me it you can frolic, initiated by the intelligence that operates the
unidentified submarine object, taunts the Naval task force for four days.

In the document "AMC Opinion Concerning � Flying Disks", appearing Sept. 28,
1947 there is a significant observation that states "action which must be
considered evasive when sighted or contacted by friendly aircraft and radar"
describes intent by the phenomenon to remain outside of human perception.
Yet here apparently UFO policy has changed. It is critical to understand the
reason why traditional evasive action observed by the UFO has been replaced
with a new UFO policy that now taunts the military high command.

These reports indicate by 1963 there have been 16 years of conscious
conflict between the phenomenon and the American military. This implies
there is literally a "secret war" going on between two different and diverse
intelligence's based here on Earth, one is human and the other remains
unidentified. Indications suggest this "secret war" is escalating, and
future developments may be imminent.

From the Puerto Rico report additional insight into the degree of
technological separation that exists between human technology and the
"other" technology can be evaluated. It can be inferred that the degree of
separation between the two technologies is not as great as is commonly
believed. How much more advanced is a technology that propels a flying
submarine and gives it the ability to travel 170 miles per hour underwater
and dive to 27,000 feet and fly to deep space? Compared to a technology that
drives a non-flying submarine that operates at 80 miles per hour underwater
and has the ability to dive to 2,000 feet? It is quite evident the two
technologies are separated only by an insignificant period of time
especially when measured by geohistorical time.

The Nuclear Looking Glass

Early in the development of nuclear weapon technology, nuclear development
centers were besieged with UFO reports. The December 1948 Air Intelligence
Division Study No. 203 produced by The Directorate of Air Force Intelligence
and Office of Naval Intelligence states in paragraph No. 7 that "The Pattern
of Sightings is definable. Sightings have been most intense throughout the
states bordering The Atlantic and Pacific coast lines, and the central
states of Ohio and Kentucky" . The mention of the central states of Ohio and
Kentucky indicates that the secret nuclear material processing plants in
that area were under surveillance. Although the study makes no mention of
the green fireballs that plagued the New Mexico nuclear test site. It is now
known that considerable green fireball activity was observed over the New
Mexico test site from 1945 to 1949.

Nuclear testing at Eniwetok in the South Pacific in 1946 and the appearance
of unconventional aerial objects in large numbers occur, for the first time
in modern history, within a one-month period. The nuclear weapons storage
facility at Ft. Hood in Texas had extensive overflights of white fireballs
of unknown origin according to FBI documents released by FOIA queries. The
overflights of this extraordinary secret nuclear weapon storage facility by
white fireballs created considerable stress in the Army high command.

The implications of these early demonstrations indicates a unique intent. It
can be inferred that rather than an extraterrestrial concern by benevolent
space beings over developments here on earth, there is an apparent
vulnerability to nuclear technology, by a previously unperceived secular
intelligence. By July 1947 America became the object of an aerial
reconnaissance operation by UFOs so enigmatic that a new word was coined
nationally in the American vocabulary to describe the object that was
responsible for the American survey: Flying Saucers. This is not flimsy
circumstantial evidence, but the testimony of a nation describing a new
event in the nation's history.

The phenomenon's response to nuclear testing in such a short period of time
is another forensic indication that the phenomenon is a part of earth's
environment. The ability of the phenomenon to appear in large numbers soon
after the fateful use of these weapons on Japan and then assemble a
systematic earth survey, again is an indicator that extraterrestrial forces
are not responsible for the phenomenon's appearance. But more likely implies
the phenomenon's representation is related to a cause and affect
relationship between nuclear use and UFO appearance.

The British master of science fiction Arthur C. Clark in 1948 knew an alien
invasion when he saw one, and observed that 90 per cent of Flying Saucer
sightings appeared over the United States. His reflection was that the focus
of the sightings was on America, and this is not what one could expect from
an alien invasion. Six major waves of UFO sightings have occurred over the
United States from 1947 to 1973, most occurred during periods of nuclear
testing.

Unaddressed are the implications that the nation responsible for the
development of this new technology of destruction and its use became the
focus of 90 per cent of all UFO sightings by this strange new phenomenon in
human experience. And astonishingly the phenomenon had the ability to focus
its surveillance exactly on atomic testing sites, production facilities, and
storage centers and air bases where nuclear operational air wings were on
alert. Our British master of science fiction stops short of any analysis of
where the invasion of America might have come from if it were not alien As
the forensic elements of this tear in the nation's mental fabric are slowly
collected and assembled, and the extraterrestrial hypothesis promoted by The
National Security Council can be viewed as a failed policy. The relationship
between atomic development and UFO appearance offers the strongest evidence
of the phenomenon's terrestrial reality.

UFO activity over Japan and the surrounding Pacific has been substantial
historically. [22] As UFO activity over Japan has been documented both
before and after the tragic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, this
certainly is another indicator the phenomenon had an interest in, and was
monitoring human affairs in this region. UFO activity at Guam both before
and after the tragic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were reported so
often during World War 2 the accounts were printed in the Army unit
bulletins of the troops stationed in the area. There is an unusual amount of
activity by the phenomenon in this area.

In fact nuclear testing and the military use of nuclear weapons appear to
have been responsible for a UFO "IGY" like study of the nations of the world
by another intelligence. The continued result of nuclear testing in this
area indicates the UFO phenomenon is directly affected by these events. This
unique "IGY" like survey of the world by the UFO phenomenon which continued
for the duration of nuclear testing, starting first at Eniwetok and
continuing throughout testing at Yucca Flats, Nevada, is a most enduring
piece of forensic evidence. This indicates a direct relationship between
nuclear testing and UFO activity.

The Soviets experienced their own UFO wave in 1949, the year of their first
nuclear detonation. Three nuclear detonations at the Bikini Atoll, between
April and May, in 1948 seem to be responsible for the UFO wave of 1950.
During 1950 the UFO phenomenon appeared in unusually large numbers over the
United States, Caribbean, North Africa, and Spain. The countries of Puerto
Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba, in the Caribbean experienced
extensive UFO overflights in 1950.

By April, 1952 UFO activity over the United States was on an increase. Again
indicating human activity, especially nuclear activity, was a concern by the
intelligence that was behind the UFO phenomenon and indications are the
military knew that the phenomenon would respond to the May nuclear testing
with a predictable immediacy. This series of atomic detonations and the
predictable response by the phenomenon are most likely the reason national
security planners foresaw the need for a national article to address the UFO
phenomenon. The timely appearance of Bob Ginna's article in "Life" magazine
April 7, 1952 promoting the extraterrestrial hypothesis was designed to
shield and misinform Americans from gaining insight to a potentially
threatening aspect of reality to the nation's current mental fabric.

The first public report of the predicted increase in UFO activity appears in
the press May 11, 1952. [23] The title of the article reads "Photos of
`Saucer` Indicate Its Real". The article indicates the Brazilian photos will
be given to the American embassy and the National Security Council for
analysis. The five photographs taken show a UFO as it tumbles through the
air. These photos only confirm the legitimacy of the Air Intelligence
Division Study No.203 observation that the "Distortion of incidents by
configuration of object and description of maneuverability is approximately
equal in each of these areas and this is believed to further substantiate
the possibility that one type of object might have been observed in
different aspects of flight." Personal FOIA inquires to the National
Security Council by this writer yielded that they never heard of, or
received any Brazilian photos of UFOs, or of any other UFOs. And that I
should make an inquiry to the national archives for the related data. I
shall not.

The UFO wave of 1952 was more selective than the UFO waves of 1947 and 1950.
High numbers of UFO reports were observed over Western Europe and the United
States. In the United States UFOs flew over the White House and Capital
Building on at least 24 different occasions during the months of May, June,
July, and August. Some UFO researchers maintain that the 24 Washington
over-flights indicate the intelligence behind the phenomenon possibly tried
to pressure or warn Washington against continued nuclear testing.

In doing so the phenomenon compromised again its apparent historical desire
to remain outside human perception. Indications are the Joint Chiefs of
Staff was well aware of this terrestrial connection. This reciprocity
becomes evident when the eight nuclear tests between April and June 1952 and
the establishment of the Ground Observer Corps in July 1952 are viewed in
this new context.

Operation Skywatch the official name for the Ground Observer Corps was put
into effect July 14, 1952. 500,000 volunteers manning 19,400 observation
posts 24 hours a day in 36 states fed information to 49 filter centers
concerning suspicious aerial activity over the United States. Air Force
Chief of Staff General Nathan F. Twining called the effort necessary because
of a threatening Soviet bomber fleet. The fact was a massive UFO wave was
about to happen because of the nuclear testing in Nevada. The patriotic
blue-blooded men of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the National Security
Council found deception to be in the nations best interest concerning the
UFO phenomenon.

Edward J. Ruppelt in his book The Report On Unidentified Flying Objects
describes so succinctly the awareness held by the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
Central Intelligence Agency, and the National Security Council of the coming
July 1952 UFO wave. Ruppelt writes, " A few days prior to the incident
(Washington UFO over-flights) a scientist from an agency that I can't name,
and I were talking about the build-up of reports along the East coast of the
United States". (This is a repeat of the UFO wave of 1947 as evidenced in
Air Intelligence Division Study No.203) "We talked for about two hours, and
I was ready to leave when he said he had one last comment to make--a
prediction. From his study of the UFO reports that he was getting from Air
Force headquarters, and from discussions with his colleagues, he said that
he thought that we were sitting right on top of a big keg full of loaded
Flying Saucers. "Within the next few days " he told me, and I remember that
he punctuated his slow deliberate remarks by hitting the desk with his fist,
" They're going to blow up and you're going to have the granddaddy of all
UFO sightings. The sightings will occur in Washington or New York", he
predicted, "probably Washington". This evidence indicates the military was
monitoring the buildup of the July 1952 UFO wave with such accuracy that
predictions to timing and location could be forecast.

The first reports of naval ships carrying nuclear weapons becoming the
object of UFO surveillance were reported at this time. During the UFO wave
of 1952 the National Security Council recognized the need for establishing
the National Security Agency. The birth of the most secret communications
agency in the national security structure soon after the Washington
over-flights implies a cause and affect relationship of these two events. In
retrospect we can see considerable evidence indicating the National Security
Council was cognizant the thirteen planned nuclear detonations at Bikini
Atoll between May and July in 1956 would bring an all-out UFO wave by July
1957, the starting date for the IGY world survey.

The most disturbing aspect of UFO behavior especially for current human
cognition suggests the phenomenon has always had a comprehensive ability to
monitor human evolution. The phenomenon's early focus on America and more
specifically New Mexico during nuclear development substantiates that the
phenomenon is not a new development in human experience, but more likely
represents the presence of a less visible and older intelligence that shares
earth with humanity. Humanity has survived without problem with this other
earth entity until nuclear development.

This profile when interpreted forensically indicates there is a unique
relationship between humanity and the intelligence that is responsible for
the UFO phenomenon. Or in other words, there is a native hierarchy here on
earth that is older than and is responsible for the creation of humanity.
This formerly clandestine intelligence, fleetingly observed throughout
history, may now be in conflict with its human creation. One would expect
imminent change is near in human affairs.

The Search for Terrestrial Intelligence: the International Geophysical Year
World Survey

The need for the IGY (International Geophysical Year) scientific earth study
was recognized as early as 1950 by James Van Allen, Lloyd Berkner, and
Sydney Chapman. These men worked in upper atmospheric physics during the
beginning of extensive UFO activity over White Sands, N.M. in the middle
part of the 1940s when the first nuclear weapons tests began. Lloyd Berkner
at that time was a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, "Weapons System
Evaluation Group". The WSEG integrated high level security cleared
scientific, military, and political personal into this UFO working group
that studied the potential impact of the UFO reality on America's political,
social, economic and military institutions.

Van Allen, Berkner, and Chapman were responsible for initiating to the Joint
Chiefs of Staff the need to investigate the "complex phenomenon", another
name for Flying Saucers, that appeared over New Mexico during nuclear
development and testing. This most important and secret piece of national
real estate to the military and the scientific community had been
reconnoitered intensively by UFOs from 1945 to 1950.

The National Academy of Sciences with the approval of the National Science
Foundation persuaded the government to underwrite the IGY project. The
National Security Council, the highest policy making body in the land
recognized the need and made the decision to implement the IGY world survey.
Over two billion dollars in funding and the cooperation of 60,000 scientists
from 67 nations participated in this NSC project. American military
participation in the IGY survey was extensive. To this day information
obtained on the UFO phenomenon by the IGY world survey has been concealed.

The timing of the IGY world survey and the massive funding to support the
survey by the National Security Council is a substantial clue linking
nuclear testing and UFO manifestations. The undertaking's secret motive was
to establish the location of another technological presence on the earth. In
retrospect it can be seen, national security planners used the thirteen
nuclear detonations of 1956 to induce the phenomenon to appear. The thirteen
nuclear detonations of 1956 were the largest number of atomic detonations at
the Bikini site than any other series of tests. The 13 explosions at the
Bikini atomic test site set the bait to induce the phenomenon to appear and
IGY was the trap to identify and isolate specific geographical locations
from where the phenomenon first appeared.

By the time of the starting date of the project, July 1957, the world was
wired with instrumentation manned by military and scientific teams that
numbered more than 60,000 personal. The National Security Council Operations
Coordinating Board managed the navy IGY scientific assault on the mysterious
South Pole. This worldwide army of scientists armed and ready with
scientific instrumentation of every nature was dug-in and ready to monitor
events as the predictable increase in UFO sightings occurred.

In the first week in November 1957, the predicted UFO wave began. As
sightings occurred worldwide, the greatest number of sightings seemed to
concentrate in the United States, Brazil, and Japan. In terms of numbers the
UFO wave of 1957 produced more UFO sightings than any other UFO wave. At
this unique period of time the CIA established "The Director of Central
Intelligence Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance". Years later this
committee evolved into the very spooky National Reconnaissance Office. The
NRO's focus is planet earth.

Public exposure to IGY was limited to the search and study of scientific
curiosities such as airglow, the aurora, atmospheric whistlers, and
ionospheric radio skip. Data was collected worldwide on solar activity,
meteorology, cosmic rays, earth magnetism, artificial satellites, nuclear
radiation, seismology, gravity, glaciology, oceanography, ionospheric
studies, and a host of other scientific disciplines. The National Security
Council with the help of the National Academy of Scientists, the National
Science Foundation, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff purposely precluded the
American people from obtaining a clear view of the UFO reality. The
International Geophysical Year scientific world survey was the greatest
scientific swindle in recorded history.

Dr. J. Allen Hynek complained years later that UFOs photographed by the
worldwide optical tracking network of IGY were ignored by the Air Force.
Retrograde satellites observed by IGY "moon watch" teams (retrograde orbits
were unobtainable by American rocketry) were viewed as insignificant in
importance. As an astronomer Dr. J. Allen Hynek could not accept the theory
that UFOs were of extraterrestrial origin because of the great distances
between stars and the staggering amount of statistical data on UFOs
accumulated during human history. This left Dr. Hynek with one logical
choice for the origin of the UFO phenomenon. UFOs were the manifestation of
"a unique natural phenomenon� that somehow had remained unperceived by the
collective body of human experience."

At the time this great man of ufology made this statement publicly in 1967,
in a talk at the Goddard Space Flight Center, the seeds of
extraterrestrialism had grown to such an extent that his audience was blind
to the concept he tried to bring forth. Hynek's concept of "a unique natural
phenomenon" that was responsible for the observed UFO sightings was viewed
with suspicion and many scientists felt Hynek's explanations were a
continuation of the governments program to explain away and ignore the
reported phenomenon. The impact of Hynek's insight fell victim to the
extraterrestrial hypothesis. [24] This address to the rocket scientists at
the Goddard Space Flight Center in its entirety has disappeared and is not
available to researchers.

During the 1957 International Geophysical Year scientific world survey
Brazilian scientist Dr. Villela aboard a US Navy icebreaker in Admiralty
Bay, Antarctica witnessed a silvery bullet like object break out of 37 feet
of ice and then fly into the sky and rapidly disappear. Two other witnesses
who caught only the tail end of the event observed great blocks of ice fall
back from the sky and the impressive hole blasted from the ice sheet by this
UFO. This incredible report indicates to researchers that UFOs have a thrust
to weight ratio substantially greater than that of an icebreaker. The report
was issued formally to the Brazilian press by the Navy but soon after all
press coverage of this incredible incident disappeared.[25] This one report
validates Paul R. Hill's concept of the UFO being a substantial
multiphibious flying machine.

An extraordinary series of UFO photographs was taken January 1958 by the
ship NE "Almirante Saldanha" of the Brazilian IGY effort. Off Trindad Island
in the Atlantic a Saturn shaped UFO came in from the sea and circled a radar
base on that island. The ship's photographer snapped four photographs. IGY
scientists found the photographs to be insignificant in importance. This
same Saturn shaped object later appeared on MERINT radiotelegraph procedure
posters, issued by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, for instructing naval vessels
the procedure for reporting UFOs.

Objects some 70 miles high in near earth orbit were observed by the Bluff
Hill radar facility in Invercargill, N.Z. during the IGY effort. New Zealand
IGY scientists lost interest in this extraordinary data. Objects orbiting
the earth 70 miles in altitude was not considered relevant to IGY scientists
for further investigation. The projects military and scientific managers
ignored all UFO activity worldwide recorded during the IGY world survey,
which was substantial. The evidence indicates the International Geophysical
Year scientific world survey was a front, in the same way project "Blue
Book" was a front, to defraud Americans from obtaining a grasp on
understanding the true nature of a phenomenon that has been witnessed
historically.

The IGY scientific world survey assuredly provided answers to the primary
National Security Council question, where on earth were UFOs from. The UFO
presence in the Americas precedes the discovery of the Americas by the first
European explorers. UFOs were a natural phenomenon observed in the Atlantic
and Pacific oceans. In Argentina UFO researchers knew UFOs entered the
Atlantic and Pacific oceans from Antarctica.

Recent reports by UFO researchers suggest there is an on going Navy effort
to destroy any evidence linking the navy to the UFO phenomenon. The reports
of UFO sightings being edited out of ship's logs, by UFO researchers,
confirms a considerable naval sensitivity to the phenomenon. Researchers
have also reported the naval archives in Seacaus, New Jersey appear to have
been purposely sabotaged. Documents are missing and files have purposely
been mixed chronologically thwarting researchers attempts to do meaningful
research at this facility relating to the UFO phenomenon.