I love how you blame us for being right. The US never messes with anybody
that doesn't mess with us or tries to bully one of our allies. If punk
governments want to be violent against their people, we stand up for those
people. If punk governments want to be violent against other nations, we
stand up for those nations.
"Sir Arthur C. B. E. Wholeflaffers A.S.A." <nospam@newsranger.com> wrote in
message news:3ar7b.19329$cJ5.2653@www.newsranger.com...
In article <Bup7b.19$D82.5@bignews6.bellsouth.net>, Beachside Imports
says...
Ya know....this is total stupidity.
The United States has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that Iraq was a
rogue
nation attempting to develop weapons of mass destruction and supported
terrorism throughout the world.
False on both counts. America has more WMD then the rest of world
combined AND America has been the #1 terrorist/rogue state
in the World over the past 50+ years. But nice try anyway.
Not bad for a useful idiot!!
RECOVERED HISTORY: AMERICA'S RECORD OF FAKING EVIDENCE
VETERAN INTELLIGENCE PROFESSIONALS FOR SANITY - The U.S. has a long
history of fabricating evidence to justify foreign adventures. Faked
evidence was a hallmark of post-World War II U.S. covert operations in
Latin America. In 1954, for example, it was instrumental in overthrowing
the Arbenz government in Guatemala. Arbenz, who was suspected of having
Communist leanings, had tried to make the United Fruit Company comply
with Guatemalan law. At President Dwight D. Eisenhower�s direction, the
CIA organized and armed a force of malcontent Guatemalans living in
Nicaragua to invade their home country. The invasion was explained and
justified when a cache of Soviet-made weapons planted by the CIA was
discovered on Nicaragua's Atlantic coast. Washington alleged that the
weapons were intended to support an attempt by Arbenz to overthrow the
Nicaraguan government.
One of the more egregious and embarrassing uses of fake material
evidence occurred on the eve of the Bay of Pigs fiasco in 1961, when
Alabama National Guard B-26 bombers attacked a Cuban Air Force base in
Havana. When Cuba's UN ambassador protested, US Ambassador Adlai
Stevenson (himself misinformed by the White House) insisted that the
attacking planes were those of defecting Cuban Air Force pilots. Two of
the aircraft were shot down in Cuba, however, and others were forced to
land in Miami where they could be examined. When it became clear that
the planes were not Cuban, Washington�s hand was shown and Stevenson was
in high dudgeon.
The war in Vietnam is replete with examples of fabrication and/or
misrepresentation of intelligence to justify U.S. government policies
and actions. The best-known case, of course, is the infamous Tonkin Gulf
incident the one that did not happen but was used by President Lyndon
Johnson to strong-arm Congress into giving him carte blanche for the
war. Adding insult to injury, CIA current intelligence analysts were
forbidden to report accurately on what had happened (and not happened)
in the Tonkin Gulf in their daily publication the next morning, on
grounds that the President had already decided to use the non-incident
to justify launching the air war that very day. The analysts were aghast
when their seniors explained that they had decided that they did not
want to wear out their welcome at the White House.
With William Casey at the helm of the CIA during the Reagan presidency,
the planting of evidence to demonstrate that opponents of governments in
Central America were sponsored by the USSR reached new heights or
depths. The following are representative examples:
(a) In January 1981 four dugout canoes were discovered on a Salvadoran
beach. The U.S. claimed that the boats had carried 100 armed Sandinista
guerrillas from Nicaragua to support leftist insurgents in El Salvador.
Neither weapons nor Nicaraguans traceable to the boats were ever found,
but Washington drew attention to the fact that the wood from which the
boats were made was not native to El Salvador.
(b) In February 1981, the State Department issued a sensational white
paper based on alleged Salvadoran rebel documents. Authored by a young,
eager-to-please Foreign Service officer named John Glassman, the paper
depicted damning links between the insurgents, Nicaragua, Cuba, and the
Soviet Union. A smoking gun. Unfortunately for Glassman and the Reagan
administration, Wall Street Journal reporter Jonathan Kwitny got access
to the same documents and found little resemblance to what was contained
in Glassman's paper. Glassman admitted to Kwitny that he had made up
quotes and guessed at figures for the Soviet weapons supposedly coming
to the Salvadoran insurgents.
(c) Certainly among the most extraordinary attempts to plant evidence
was the Barry Seal affair, a complicated operation designed to
incriminate the Nicaraguan Sandinista government for international drug
trafficking. The operation began in 1982, when CIA Director Casey
created the position of National Intelligence Officer for Narcotics.
Casey's handpicked NIO wasted no time telling representatives of other
agencies that high priority was to be given to finding evidence linking
both Castro and the Sandinistas to the burgeoning cocaine trade.
Coast Guard and Drug Enforcement Agency officers protested that this
might be counterproductive since Cuba was the most cooperative
government in the Caribbean in the fight against drugs and there was no
evidence showing that the Nicaraguan government played any significant
role. Never mind, said the NIO, the task was to put black hats on our
enemies.
In 1986 Barry Seal, a former TWA pilot who had trained Nicaraguan Contra
pilots in the early eighties, was facing a long sentence after a federal
drug conviction in Florida. Seal made his way to the White House's
National Security Council to make the following proposition to officials
there. He would fly his own plane to Colombia and take delivery of
cocaine. He would then make an emergency landing in Nicaragua and make
it appear that Sandinista officials were aiding him in drug trafficking.
Seal made it clear that he would expect help with his legal problems.
The Reagan White House jumped at the offer. Seal's plane was flown to
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, where it was fitted with secret cameras
to enable Seal to photograph Nicaraguan officials in the act of
assisting him with the boxes of cocaine.
The operation went as planned. Seal flew to Colombia and then to
Nicaragua where he landed at a commercial airfield. There he was met by
a Nicaraguan named Federico Vaughan, who helped with the offloading and
reloading of boxes of cocaine and was duly photographed not very well,
it turned out, because the special cameras malfunctioned. Though blurred
and grainy, the photos were delivered to the White House, and a
triumphant Ronald Reagan went on national TV to show that the
Sandinistas were not only Communists but also criminals intent on
addicting America s youth.
Again, the Wall Street Journal's Jonathan Kwitny played the role of
skunk at the picnic, pointing out substantial flaws in the concocted
story. Vaughan, who according to the script was an assistant to
Nicaraguan Interior Minister Tomas Borge, was shown not to be what he
claimed. Indeed, congressional investigators found that the telephone
number called by Seal to contact Vaughn belonged to the U.S. embassy in
Managua. It was yet another fiasco, and Seal paid for it with his life.
His Colombian drug suppliers were not amused when the Reagan
administration identified him publicly as a US undercover agent. As he
awaited trial on other narcotics charges in Louisiana, Seal was ambushed
and killed by four gunmen who left his body riddled with 140 bullets.
Fabricated evidence also played an important role in the first President
Bush's attempt to secure congressional and UN approval for the 1991 Gulf
War.
(a) Few will forget the heart-rending testimony before a congressional
committee by the sobbing 15 year-old Kuwaiti girl called Nayirah on
October 10, 1990. No congressperson, no journalist took the trouble to
probe the identity of Nayirah, who was said to be an escapee from Kuwait
but was later revealed to be the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador in
Washington. With consummate skill, the story had been manufactured out
of whole cloth and the 15 year-old coached by the PR firm Hill &
Knowlton, which has a rich history of being imbedded in Republican
administrations. Similar unsubstantiated yarns made their debut several
weeks later at the UN, where a team of seven witnesses, also coached by
Hill & Knowlton, testified about atrocities in Iraq. (It was later
learned that the seven had used false names.) And in an unprecedented
move, the UN Security Council allowed the U.S. to show a video created
by Hill & Knowlton.
All to good effect. The PR campaign had the desired impact, and Congress
voted to authorize the use of force against Iraq on January 12, 1991.
(The UN did so on November 29, 1990.) Nayirah's true identity did not
become known until two years later.
Interestingly, the General Manager of Hill & Knowlton's Washington, DC
office at the time was a woman named Victoria Clarke. She turned out to
be less successful in her next job, as Press Secretary for the
re-election campaign of President George Bush in 1992. But she is now
back in her element as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public
Affairs.
There was a corollary fabrication that proved equally effective in
garnering support in Congress for the war resolution in 1991. The White
House claimed there were satellite photos showing Iraqi tanks and troops
massing on the borders of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, threatening to invade
Saudi Arabia. This fueled the campaign for war and frightened the Saudis
into agreeing to cooperate fully with U.S. military forces.
On September 11, 1990, President George H. W. Bush, addressing a joint
session of Congress, claimed 120,000 Iraqi troops with 850 tanks have
poured into Kuwait and moved south to threaten Saudi Arabia. But an
enterprising journalist, Jean Heller, reported in the St. Petersburg
Times on January 6, 1991 (a bare ten days before the Gulf War began)
that commercial satellite photos taken on September 11, the day the
president spoke, showed no sign of a massive buildup of Iraqi forces in
Kuwait. When the Pentagon was asked to provide evidence to support the
president s claim, it refused to do so and continues to refuse to this
day.
America's Weapons of Mass Destruction
Steven Rosenfeld, September 24, 2002
GNN's favorite crusading doctor, Helen Caldicott, is a pediatrician and
founder
of Physicians for Social Responsibility, co-winner of the 1995 Nobel Peace
Prize. She is currently creating a new organization, the Nuclear Policy
Research
Institute, to provide a media counterpoint to pro-nuclear representatives
from
military and right-wing think tanks:
Steven Rosenfeld : Your book, The New Nuclear Danger: George W. Bush�s
Military-Industrial Complex, catalogs the U.S. government�s nuclear
weapons
programs, including the space-based missile defense program. First, could
you
compare this administration�s level of defense spending to prior
administrations? That is, are we in the midst of the largest military
build-up
since Ronald Reagan�s presidency in the 1980s?
Dr. Helen Caldicott: The straight answer is yes. I need almost say no
more, yes,
absolutely. And Reagan spent more money than all past presidents combined
and he
spent most of it on the military. And this new administration -- of course
most
of the players come from the Reagan administration -- is doing exactly the
same
thing.
Rosenfeld: Kevin Phillips in his book, Wealth and Democracy, points out
that
some of the greatest fortunes in American history have been made from
war-related businesses. Who are today�s wartime profiteers?
Caldicott: Well, 32 members of the Bush administration come from the
military-industrial complex. Twenty-eight of them come from
Lockheed-Martin.
Many of the rest come from the Heritage Foundation, which is funded by
Lockheed-Martin. So this is a military-industrial administration.
Rosenfeld: Who are you talking about? Cabinet-level officials? Let�s be
more
specific.
Caldicott: Yeah, [Deputy National Security Council Director] Stephen
Hadley is
in the cabinet. And I can�t give you all of their names, but it�s on
record, and
I apologize because I can�t give you their names. But many of them are at
cabinet-level.
Rosenfeld: So who are the companies then that are going to be benefiting
from
this military build-up?
Caldicott: Right. Halliburton. Halliburton is Cheney�s company.
Halliburton was
built up by Cheney to become the seventh-largest Pentagon contractor in
the last
few years. But Halliburton did [oil-related] contracts with Saddam
Hussein, too,
during Cheney�s watch.
Lockheed-Martin is the biggest military contractor in the whole world. It
sells
weapons to friends and foe alike, indiscriminately. It is the major
contractor
for the five layers of Star Wars, including the militarization of space.
[Republican Senate Minority Leader] Trent Lott [of Mississippi] represents
Lockheed-Martin in his district, where the C-130s are made, and
Lockheed-Martin
has factories in almost all states of the country. So, that�s why it does
so
well, because, of course, the Congresspeople need jobs in their districts.
So
they vote for everything Lockheed-Martin wants and desires.
Rosenfeld: In addition to companies like Lockheed-Martin, there are many
other
well-known companies like Boeing, Northrop Grumman, TRW� What is this
class of
American companies? What are these industries?
Caldicott: Well, they�re industries making weapons to kill people. I�ve
got a
friend who�s an admiral and he said, "Helen, our mission is to destroy
property
and kill people." These weapons are to kill people and destroy property.
It�s
legalized murder. And what they�re doing also is they�re stealing the
Americans'
tax dollars. They�re the new robber barons. They�re spending nearly
half-a-trillion dollars a year on weapons. If you spent $1,000 a minute
since
Jesus was born, you would have just got to a trillion dollars.
Half-a-trillion
dollars on death -- when America is one of the only countries in the West
that
has no free medical care system?
Rosenfeld: We�re hearing a lot about the nuclear threat from Iraq these
days.
Please review for us, the changes in U.S. nuclear policy that the Bush
administration has made. For instance, there have been articles in the New
York
Times and Washington Post about the use of small nuclear weapons in a
first-strike scenario. I�ve heard you talk about how this is something
that
might occur if we were to go into Iraq. Let�s talk about the bigger
picture
change that this administration is trying to create.
Caldicott: This administration is violating almost every single nuclear
arms
control treaty that has been negotiated by the wisest statesmen in the
world
over years of negotiation. The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty; they�ve
violated
the START II Treaty.
They�ve got a new treaty saying they�ll get rid of nuclear weapons with
Russia,
which is a vacuous treaty. It gives you a 10-year limit. There�s no
schedule, no
timetable. Bush will be out office. Putin will be out of office in 10
years. And
in the meantime, they can build up a vast new arsenal of nuclear weapons.
As one
insider in the White House said, "This new treaty is exactly what we
wanted,"
which means it means nothing except they can increase their nuclear
arsenal.
The nuclear weapons labs, Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos, are currently
designing, building and testing new nuclear weapons -- violating the
letter and
the law of the Complete Test Ban Treaty. Soon they�ll be blowing up big
bombs
under the desert floor in Nevada. They are building up to 80 new hydrogen
bombs
a year. They�re working on a pure fusion weapon that will not be
verifiable by
national technical means from space, and what they are doing is purely
wicked --
because America has no enemies.
No state enemies; there are a few zealots that hate it. And if America
goes into
Iraq, by God, the jihad will be multiplied thousands of times. Then you�ll
really have enemies if you go and bomb Iraq. And there�s a 50-50 chance
that
nuclear weapons will be used in Iraq by America. And if they�re not, and
Saddam
Hussein sends scuds [missiles] toward Israel, Israel has intimated that
she�ll
use nuclear weapons against Iraq.
So, nuclear war in the Middle East? Great. That could trigger the early
warning
system of Russia and/or America, start the whole thing going and we could
have a
global nuclear war, and nuclear winter, and that�s the end of life on
Earth, and
many people are very frightened at the moment.
Rosenfeld: What is the basis for this 50-50 estimate that the nuclear
weapons
would be used in Iraq?
Caldicott: That�s my intuitive estimate. But the Pentagon has been mooting
the
use of nuclear weapons in Iraq for many months -- over six months. And
they�ve
got a great new weapon they want to test called a �robust earth
penetrator.� I
love the terminology, don�t you? It�s very male.
And it�s a dial-a-yield. You can have five kilotons, which is half the
size of
the Hiroshima bomb; 10 kilotons, same size; 20 kilotons. It will provoke a
huge
amount of fallout, because as it burrows 100 feet into the earth, it will
transform all that earth to radioactive fallout which will land all over
the
people in Iraq and induce cancers, leukemias and genetic disease for the
rest of
time, virtually. You get much more fall-out if you blow a bomb up at city
level,
at ground level, or under the ground than you do when you blow it up in
the air
to vaporize people.
Rosenfeld: You think that if the United States goes into Iraq, it�s likely
use
these so-called smaller-scale nuclear weapons?
Caldicott: It�s not if the United States goes into Iraq. It�s when. The
United
States doesn�t give one fig about the rest of the world. It will go it
alone.
It�s 4.5 percent of the Earth�s population. It doesn�t work with humility
with
the United Nations. And it will do what it wants with impunity.
This is the most powerful country the world has ever seen, including the
Roman
Empire and the Greek Empire. We have never seen a country so militarily
armed.
For what reason -- when there are no enemies? And now that the Cold War is
over,
America should be rising to its full moral and spiritual height, and
abolishing
nuclear weapons with a friendly Russia. And encouraging everyone else to
do the
same. Instead, these people in this Bush administration, they�re building
up a
huge nuclear arsenal and saying with impunity,
"We�ll use nuclear weapons on anyone. Even any nation that doesn�t even
have
nuclear weapons." I have to tell you, having studied this issue for 30
years,
that I predict if things go unimpeded as things are going now, that there
will
be a nuclear war within the next 10 or 20 years, probably within the next
10
years, which could destroy life on Earth and the only life in the
universe.
That�s the way we�re going.
Steven Rosenfeld is a commentary editor and audio producer for
TomPaine.com,
where this interview originally appeared.
THE LIST: Bombing people into democracy
[To test the theory that a good way to bring democracy to a country is
to bomb it to smithereens, Vietnam Veterans Against the War offer this
list of countries compiled by William Blum where we used tried
percussive education. In no case did a democratic government, respectful
of human rights, occur as a direct result]
China 1945-46
Korea 1950-53
China 1950-53
Guatemala 1954
Indonesia 1958
Cuba 1959-60
Guatemala 1960
Congo 1964
Peru 1965
Laos 1964-73
Vietnam 1961-73
Cambodia 1969-70
Guatemala 1967-69
Grenada 1983
Libya 1986
El Salvador 1980s
Nicaragua 1980s
Panama 1989
Iraq 1991-99, 2003
Sudan 1998
Afghanistan 1998
Yugoslavia 1999
- - -
TERRORISM : A CENTURY OF U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTIONS From Wounded
Knee to Afghanistan Compiled by Zoltan Grossman (revised 09/20/01)
The following is a partial list of U.S. military interventions from
1890 to 1999. This guide does NOT include:
_ Demonstration duty by military police _ Mobilizations of the
National Guard _ Offshore shows of naval strength _ Reinforcements
of embassy personnel _ The use of non-Defense Department personnel
(such as the DEA) _ Military exercises _ Non-combat mobilizations
_ The permanent stationing of armed forces _ Covert actions where
the U.S. did not play a command and control role _ The use of small
hostage rescue units _ Most uses of proxy troops _ U.S. piloting
of foreign warplanes _ Foreign disaster assistance _ Military
training and advisory programs not involving direct combat _ Civic
action programs and many other military activities.
Among sources used, besides news reports, are the Congressional
Record (23 June 1969), 180 Landings by the U.S. Marine Corps History
Division, Ege & Makhijani in Counterspy (July-Aug. 1982), and Daniel
Ellsberg in Protest & Survive. "Instances of Use of United States
Forces Abroad, 1798-1993" by Ellen C. Collier of the Library of
Congress Congressional Research Service.
SOUTH DAKOTA 1890 (-?) Troops 300 Lakota Indians massacred at
Wounded Knee.
ARGENTINA 1890 Troops Buenos Aires interests protected.
CHILE 1891 Troops Marines clash with nationalist rebels.
HAITI 1891 Troops Black workers revolt on U.S.-claimed Navassa
Island defeated.
IDAHO 1892 Troops Army suppresses silver miners' strike.
HAWAII 1893 (-?) Naval, troops Independent kingdom overthrown,
annexed.
CHICAGO 1894 Troops Breaking of rail strike, 34 killed.
NICARAGUA 1894 Troops Month-long occupation of Bluefields.
CHINA 1894-95 Naval, troops Marines land in Sino-Japanese War.
KOREA 1894-96 Troops Marines kept in Seoul during war.
PANAMA 1895 Troops, naval Marines land in Colombian province.
NICARAGUA 1896 Troops Marines land in port of Corinto.
CHINA 1898-1900 Troops Boxer Rebellion fought by foreign armies.
PHILIPPINES 1898-1910(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, killed
600,000 Filipinos.
CUBA 1898-1902(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, still hold Navy
base.
PUERTO RICO 1898(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, occupation
continues.
GUAM 1898(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, still use as base.
MINNESOTA 1898(-?) Troops Army battles Chippewa at Leech Lake.
NICARAGUA 1894 Troops Month-long occupation of Bluefields.
CHINA 1894-95 Naval, troops Marines land in Sino-Japanese War.
KOREA 1894-96 Troops Marines kept in Seoul during war.
PANAMA 1895 Troops, naval Marines land in Colombian province.
NICARAGUA 1896 Troops Marines land in port of Corinto.
CHINA 1898-1900 Troops Boxer Rebellion fought by foreign armies.
PHILIPPINES 1898-1910(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, killed
600,000 Filipinos.
CUBA 1898-1902(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, still hold Navy
base.
PUERTO RICO 1898(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, occupation
continues.
GUAM 1898(-?) Naval, troops Seized from Spain, still use as base.
MINNESOTA 1898(-?) Troops Army battles Chippewa at Leech Lake.
NICARAGUA 1898 Troops Marines land at port of San Juan del Sur.
SAMOA 1899(-?) Troops Battle over succession to throne.
NICARAGUA 1899 Troops Marines land at port of Bluefields.
IDAHO 1899-1901 Troops Army occupies Coeur d'Alene mining region.
OKLAHOMA 1901 Troops Army battles Creek Indian revolt.
PANAMA 1901-14 Naval, troops Broke off from Colombia 1903, annexed
Canal Zone 1914-99.
HONDURAS 1903 Troops Marines intervene in revolution.
DOMINICAN REP.
1903-04 Troops U.S. interests protected in Revolution.
KOREA 1904-05 Troops Marines land in Russo-Japanese War.
CUBA 1906-09 Troops Marines land in democratic election.
NICARAGUA 1907 Troops "Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set up.
HONDURAS 1907 Troops Marines land during war with Nicaragua.
PANAMA 1908 Troops Marines intervene in election contest.
NICARAGUA 1910 Troops Marines land in Bluefields and Corinto.
HONDURAS 1911 Troops U.S. interests protected in civil war.
CHINA 1911-41 Naval, troops Continuous occupation with flare-ups.
CUBA 1912 Troops U.S. interests protected in Havanna.
PANAMA 19l2 Troops Marines land during heated election.
HONDURAS 19l2 Troops Marines protect U.S. economic interests.
NICARAGUA 1912-33 Troops, bombing 20-year occupation, fought
guerrillas.
MEXICO 19l3 Naval Americans evacuated during revolution.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1914 Naval Fight with rebels over Santo Domingo.
COLORADO 1914 Troops Breaking of miners' strike by Army.
MEXICO 1914-18 Naval, troops Series of interventions against
nationalists.
HAITI 1914-34 Troops, bombing 19-year occupation after revolts.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1916-24 Troops 8-year Marine occupation.
CUBA 1917-33 Troops Military occupation, economic protectorate.
WORLD WAR I 19l7-18 Naval, troops Ships sunk, fought Germany
RUSSIA 1918-22 Naval, troops Five landings to fight Bolsheviks.
PANAMA 1918-20 Troops "Police duty" during unrest after elections.
YUGOSLAVIA 1919 Troops Marines intervene for Italy against Serbs
in Dalmatia.
HONDURAS 1919 Troops Marines land during election campaign.
GUATEMALA 1920 Troops 2-week intervention against unionists.
WEST VIRGINIA 1920-21 Troops, bombing Army intervenes against
mineworkers.
TURKEY 1922 Troops Fought nationalists in Smyrna (Izmir).
CHINA 1922-27 Naval, troops Deployment during nationalist revolt.
HONDURAS 1924-25 Troops Landed twice during election strife.
PANAMA 1925 Troops Marines suppress general strike.
CHINA 1927-34 Troops Marines stationed throughout the country.
EL SALVADOR 1932 Naval Warships sent during Faribundo Marti revolt.
WASHINGTON DC 1932 Troops Army stops WWI vet bonus protest.
WORLD WAR II 1941-45 Naval,troops, bombing, nuclear Fought Axis
for 3 years; Over 200,000 civilian casualties in 1st nuclear
strikes.
DETROIT 1943 Troops Army puts down Black rebellion.
IRAN 1946 Nuclear threat Soviet troops told to leave north (Iranian
Azerbaijan).
YUGOSLAVIA 1946 Naval Response to shooting-down of U.S. plane.
URUGUAY 1947 Nuclear threat Bombers deployed as show of strength.
GREECE 1947-49 Command operation U.S. directs extreme-right in
civil war.
CHINA 1948-49 Troops Marines evacuate Americans before Communist
victory.
GERMANY 1948 Nuclear threat Atomic-capable bombers guard Berlin
Airlift.
PHILIPPINES 1948-54 Command operation CIA directs war against Huk
Rebellion.
PUERTO RICO 1950 Command operation Independence rebellion crushed
in Ponce.
KOREA 1950-53 Troops, naval, bombing, nuclear threats U.S.& South
Korea fight China & North Korea to stalemate; A-bomb threat in
1950, & vs. China in 1953. Still have bases.
IRAN 1953 Command operation CIA overthrows democracy, installs
Shah.
VIETNAM 1954 Nuclear threat Bombs offered to French to use against
siege.
GUATEMALA 1954 Command operation, bombing, nuclear threat CIA
directs exile invasion after new gov't nationalizes U.S. company
lands; bombers based in Nicaragua.
EGYPT 1956 Nuclear threat, troops Soviets told to keep out of Suez
crisis; marines evacuate foreigners
LEBANON 1958 Troops, naval Marine occupation against rebels.
IRAQ 1958 Nuclear threat Iraq warned against invading Kuwait.
CHINA 1958 Nuclear threat China told not to move on Taiwan isles.
PANAMA 1958 Troops Flag protests erupt into confrontation.
VIETNAM 1960-75 Troops, naval, bombing, nuclear threats Fought
South Vietnam revolt & North Vietnam; 1-2 million killed in longest
U.S. war; atomic bomb threats in 1968 and 1969.
CUBA 1961 Command operation CIA-directed exile invasion fails.
GERMANY 1961 Nuclear threat Alert during Berlin Wall crisis.
CUBA 1962 Nuclear threat Naval Blockade during missile crisis;
near-war with USSR.
LAOS 1962 Command operation Military buildup during guerrilla war.
PANAMA 1964 Troops Panamanians shot for urging canal's return.
INDONESIA 1965 Command operation Million killed in CIA-assisted
army coup.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1965-66 Troops, bombing Marines land during
election campaign.
GUATEMALA 1966-67 Command operation Green Berets intervene against
rebels.
DETROIT 1967 Troops Army battles Blacks, 43 killed.
UNITED STATES 1968 Troops After King is shot; over 21,000 soldiers
in cities.
CAMBODIA 1969-75 Bombing, troops, naval Up to 2 million killed in
decade of bombing, starvation, and political chaos.
OMAN 1970 Command operation U.S. directs Iranian marine invasion.
LAOS 1971-73 Command operation, bombing U.S. directs South Vietnamese
invasion;
"carpet-bombs" countryside.
SOUTH DAKOTA 1973 Command operation Army directs Wounded Knee siege
of Lakotas.
MIDEAST 1973 Nuclear threat World-wide alert during Mideast War.
CHILE 1973 Command operation CIA-backed coup ousts elected marxist
president.
CAMBODIA 1975 Troops, bombing Gas captured ship, 28 die in copter
crash.
ANGOLA 1976-92 Command operation CIA assists South African-backed
rebels.
IRAN 1980 Troops, nuclear threat, aborted bombing Raid to rescue
Embassy hostages; 8 troops die in copter-plane crash. Soviets
warned not to get involved in revolution.
LIBYA 1981 Naval jets Two Libyan jets shot down in maneuvers.
EL SALVADOR 1981-92 Command operation, troop advisors, overflights
aid anti-rebel war, soldiers briefly involved in hostage clash.
NICARAGUA 1981-90 Command operation, naval CIA directs exile (Contra)
invasions, plants harbor mines against revolution.
LEBANON 1982-84 Naval, bombing, troops Marines expel PLO and back
Phalangists, Navy bombs and shells Muslim and Syrian positions.
HONDURAS 1983-89 Troops Maneuvers help build bases near borders.
GRENADA 1983-84 Troops, bombing invasion four years after revolution.
IRAN 1984 Jets Two Iranian jets shot down over Persian Gulf.
LIBYA 1986 Bombing, naval Air strikes to topple nationalist gov't.
BOLIVIA 1986 Troops Army assists raids on cocaine region.
IRAN 1987-88 Naval, bombing US intervenes on side of Iraq in war.
LIBYA 1989 Naval jets Two Libyan jets shot down.
VIRGIN ISLANDS 1989 Troops St. Croix Black unrest after storm.
PHILIPPINES 1989 Jets Air cover provided for government against
coup.
PANAMA 1989-90 Troops, bombing Nationalist government ousted by
27,000 soldiers, leaders arrested, 2000+ killed.
LIBERIA 1990 Troops Foreigners evacuated during civil war.
SAUDI ARABIA 1990-91 Troops, jets Iraq countered after invading
Kuwait; 540,000 troops also stationed in Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE,
Israel.
IRAQ 1990-?
Bombing, troops, naval Blockade of Iraqi and Jordanian ports, air
strikes;
200,000+ killed in invasion of Iraq and Kuwait; no-fly zone over
Kurdish north, Shiite south, large-scale destruction of Iraqi
military.
KUWAIT 1991 Naval, bombing, troops Kuwait royal family returned to
throne.
LOS ANGELES 1992 Troops Army, Marines deployed against anti-police
uprising.
SOMALIA 1992-94 Troops, naval, bombing U.S.-led United Nations
occupation during civil war;
raids against one Mogadishu faction.
YUGOSLAVIA 1992-94 Naval Nato blockade of Serbia and Montenegro.
BOSNIA 1993-95 Jets, bombing No-fly zone patrolled in civil war;
downed jets, bombed Serbs.
HAITI 1994-96 Troops, naval Blockade against military government;
troops restore President Aristide to office three years after coup.
CROATIA 1995 Bombing Krajina Serb airfields attacked before Croatian
offensive.
ZAIRE (CONGO) 1996-97 Troops Marines at Rwandan Hutu refuge camps,
in area where Congo revolution begins.
LIBERIA 1997 Troops Soldiers under fire during evacuation of
foreigners.
ALBANIA 1997 Troops Soldiers under fire during evacuation of
foreigners.
SUDAN 1998 Missiles Attack on pharmaceutical plant alleged to be
"terrorist" nerve gas plant.
Over 30, 000 civilian casualties. US blocks UN war-crimes inquiry
at the security council.
AFGHANISTAN 1998 Missiles Attack on former CIA training camps used
by Islamic fundamentalist groups alleged to have attacked embassies.
IRAQ 1998-?
Bombing, Missiles Four days of intensive air strikes after weapons
inspectors allege Iraqi obstructions.
YUGOSLAVIA 1999-?
Bombing, Missiles Heavy NATO air strikes after Serbia declines to
withdraw from Kosovo.
YEMEN 2000 Naval Suicide bomb attack on USS Cole.
MACEDONIA 2001 Troops NATO troops shift and partially disarm Albanian
rebels.
UNITED STATES 2001 Jets, naval Response to hijacking attacks.
AFGHANISTAN 2001 Massive U.S. mobilization to attack Taliban, Bin
Laden. War could expand to Iraq, Sudan, and beyond.
__________________________________________ For more information or
with comments and additions please contact:
Zoltan Grossman, 1705 Rutledge, Madison, WI 53704 Phone/Fax
(608)246-2256.
mtn@igc.apc.org Permission to reproduce this list in its entirety
is granted by the author, please send any published copy to the