<
<
Jesus Christ wasn't even his name. Actually, he was known
as Jmmanuel (pronounced Immanuel).
<
And he NEVER once claimed to be the Son of God.
<
He informed his trusted apostles that his father was an
extraterrestrial, concerned about the future of mankind.
<
And he didn't die on the cross.
<
In fact, he lived into his 90s before his death in India.
<
That's what it says in the Gospel of Judas Iscariot, now
believed to be the original -- and true - Gospel. It was
originally found in 1963 in Jerusalem by Billy Meier before
additional writings were found in India years later.
<
The bottom line is that the gospels of Matthew -- especially
-- but also Mark, Luke and John were doctored and heavily
edited to conceal the truth, to make Jmmanuel the God that
he insisted he wasn't.
<
He was a mortal man whose only request was that men live like
brothers, preaching the Golden Rule. This is what his father,
an extraterrestrial whose race had ties to mankind, desired
him to do.
<
These distortions in the gospels of MML&L-- there are many
-- were an elaborate hoax but were accepted as truth for
many centuries. Truth finally has caught up to them with
the discovery of the gospel of Judas Iscariot, long and unjustly
scorned who neither betrayed Jmmanuel nor hanged himself.
And it is in the Gospel that he compiled that the real truth can be
found.
<
What appears and doesn't appear in the gospels of Matthew,
Mark, Luke and John --what they wrote and didn't write -- is a
heavily edited version that has ignored and twisted the facts,
adding up to deceit, deception. collusion and conspiracy.
<
How sad for mankind, the victim of a colossal con job. How sad
for Jmmanuel, indeed a godly man but, by his own admission,
not a God but more like our older, loving brother.
<
But I must honestly state that I think Matthew, Mark, Luke and John
were innocent victims of the hoax. Apparently, the distortions in
their gospels were ordered by the bigwigs of the early church,
promoting their own political agenda.
<
In any event, instead of reading your prayer books this morning
-- Easter Sunday -- do yourself a favor and spend some time reading
what's on emeritus Prof. Jim Deardorff's web page. It'll take some
time but it'll be well worth it. Your eyes will be wide opened.
<
Compare the gospel of Matthew, long considered the original,
and the gospel of Judas Iscariot and you'll see for yourself how
much they compare but HOW MUCH they differ, especially the things
that Jmmanuel said and didn't say.
<
======================================
<
THE TALMUD OF JMMANUEL (JESUS CHRIST)
(Quoting from the intrepid Prof. Deardorff's first page)
<
How this document, discovered in Jerusalem
in 1963, ushers in the New Age while exposing
the New Testament gospels as being more
corrupt than even the Jesus Seminar suspects
<
This is the web site of Jim Deardorff , research
professor emeritus at Oregon State University.
<
This site presents the results of 16 years' analysis
of the Talmud of Jmmanuel (TJ), showing, largely
through comparison with the Gospel of Matthew,
that the TJ was the source for that gospel.
<
The TJ informs us precisely which Matthean verses
are genuine, which are partly genuine, and which
are pure invention.
<
In over 100 comparisons of parallel passages,
the arguments pointing to Matthean dependence
upon the TJ are seen to be difficult to reverse, and
in all other instances the differences between the two
are also consistent with TJ genuineness.
<
Tests for TJ genuineness are indirect because its
original Aramaic scrolls were destroyed due to their
heresies, and only the German translation survived.
<
From the TJ, one sees that 19th-century scholars erred
in assuming that Mark came before Matthew.
<
Scholars beware: the UFO biblical connections are real.
<
http://www.avilabooks.com/Jmmanuel.htm
http://www.tjresearch.info/
<
========================================
<
Billy Meier
http://www.billymeier.com/
<
Michael Horn, American representative of Billy Meier
http://www.theyfly.com
<
========================================
<
Ed Conrad
http://www.edconrad.com
<
< Man as Old as Coal
< and
< Proof of Life After Death
<
=========================
<
POPES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
Year of Reign Name
32 - 64/67 St Peter the Apostle -- From Bethesda, Holy Land. Martyred
in the Circus of Caligula and Nero, where S Pietro in Vaticano lies
today. Buried at the site where S Pietro in Vaticano stands today.
64/67 - 76 St Linus
From Tuscany. May be the Linus mentioned by St Paul in the Second
Epistle to Timothy (II Tim 4, 21). According to an uncertain
tradition, he was buried near St Peter, at the site of S Pietro in
Vaticano . Memoria 23 September.
76 - 88 St Anacletus / Cletus From Rome. According to tradition, he
built a monument over the tomb of St Peter, at the site of S Pietro in
Vaticano . Most likely, his name was confused with that of Anacetus
(155-166). Possibly martyred.
88 - 97 St Clement From Rome. Author of the Epistles of Clement, one
of which nearly made it into the New Testament when the Canon of the
Bible was settled in the 4th century. S Clemente is dedicated to him,
and his relics were brought there in 868 by St Cyril.
97 - 105 St Evaristus Of a Greek family, possibly the son of a Jew
from Bethlehem.Tradition claims that he was martyred under Trajan, but
there are no known persecutions under that Emperor. Probably buried
near the tomb of St Peter, at the site of S Pietro in Vaticano .
Memoria 26 October.
105 - 115 St Alexander I From Rome. Possibly martyred, but as his
supposed martyrdom is a late addition to the biographies is more
likely that he was confused with a martyr of the same name. His relics
were possibly translated to Freising, Bavaria, in 834, but are also
said to have been found in Rome in 1855.
115 - 125 St Sixtus I From Rome. Possibly martyred, but Irenaeus does
not mention this. Most likely buried at Alatri; the tradition that he
was buried near the tomb of St Peter and that his relics were
transferred to in 1132 seems unlikely.
125 - 136 St Telesphorus From Greece. Martyr. Buried near the site of
S Pietro in Vaticano .
136 - 140 St Hyginus From Greece. Traditionally claimed to be a martyr
and to have been buried near the tomb of St Peter; there is no
historical evidence of either claim.
140 - 155 St Pius I From Aquileia. Buried near the tomb of St Peter,
at the site of S Pietro in Vaticano .
155 - 166 St Anicetus From Syria. Probably built the first monument at
the tomb of St Peter. Buried near the tomb of St Peter, at the site of
S Pietro in Vaticano
166 - 175 St Soterus From Campania. Buried in the cemetery of
Callixtus.
175 - 189 St Eleutherius From Nicopolis in Epirus. Martyr. Relics
translated to S Susanna ; he was originally buried near the tomb of St
Peter at the site of S Pietro in Vaticano .
189 - 199 St Victor I From North Africa. Possibly buried near the tomb
of St Peter at the site of S Pietro in Vaticano .
199 - 217 St Zephyrinus
From Rome. Buried in the Cemetery of Zephyrinus, possibly identical
with the Catacomba di S Callisto.
217-222 St Callixtus I From Rome. Tradition claims that he was
martyred by drowning in a well preserved at S Callisto. His relics
were translated to S Maria in Trastevere; he was originally buried in
the Cemetery of Calepodius (and not in the Cemetery of Callixtus as
some guidebooks say).
217 - 235 St Hippolytus (antipope)
From Rome. Exiled to Sardinia, reconciled with the Church.
222 - 230 St Urban I From Rome. Buried in the Catacomba di S Callisto.
230 - 235 St Pontian From Rome. Martyred at Tavolara island; beaten to
death. Buried in the Catacomba di S Callisto.
235 - 236 St Anterus
From Greece. Buried in the Catacomba di S Callisto.
236 - 250 St Fabian From Rome, gens Flavia. Expanded the Catacomba di
S Callisto, and built a basilica (now lost) above the catacombs.
Martyred, probably through maltreatment in prison, possibly by
beheading. Buried in the Catacomba di S Callisto, later translated to
S Sebastiano fuori le Mura.
251 - 253 St Cornelius From Rome. Martyr; probably died from the
rigours of exile at Civitavecchia. Buried in the Catacomba di S
Callisto.
251 Novatian From Rome.
253 - 254 St Lucius From Rome. Buried in the Catacomba di S Callisto.
Later translated to S Cecilia in Trastevere. His head is preserved as
a relic at St Ansgar's Cathedral, Copenhagen.
254 - 257 St Stephen I From Rome. Buried in the Catacomba di S
Callisto, and later enshrined at S Silvestro in Capite .
257 - 258 St Sixtus II From Greece. May have moved the relics of Sts
Peter and Paul to the Memoria Apostolorum to protect them from
desecration. Martyred at the Catacomba di S Callisto where he was
apprehended while celebrating Mass, and interred there. S Sisto
Vecchio is dedicated to him, and his relics were translated there in
the 6th century.
259 - 268 St Dionysius Birthplace unknown. Buried at Catacomba di S
Callisto, and later enshrined at S Silvestro in Capite .
269 - 274 St Felix I From Rome. May have initiated the custom of
enshrining the relics of martyrs in altars. Buried in the Catacomba di
S Callisto.
275 - 283 St Euthychian From Luni. Buried in the Catacomba di S
Callisto; he was the last Pope to be buried in the Chapel of the
Popes. Memoria 8 December.
283 - 296 St Caius From Dalmatia. Buried at Catacomba di S Callisto.
296 - 304 St Marcellinus From Rome. Traditionally said to have been
martyred in the persecution of Diocletian, but probably died of
natural causes. Buried in the Catacomba di S Priscilla.
308 - 309 St Marcellus I From Rome. Imprisoned in a stable at or near
the site of S Marcello al Corso, which is dedicated to him. Sheltered
in the house of Lucina, at the site of S Lorenzo in Lucina. Banished,
and died soon after. Buried in the Catacomba di S Priscilla.
309 St Eusebius From Greece. Died in exile in Sicily. Buried in the
Catacomba di S Callisto.
311 - 314 St Miltiades / Melchiades From North Africa. Possibly built
S Quattro Coronati. Managed to persuade the Emperor to give back all
the Church property that had been confiscated in 303. Received the
palace at the Lateran from Emperor Constantine. A chapel is dedicated
to him in the Catacomba di S Callisto, where he was buried.
314 - 335 St Sylvester I From Rome. Consecrated S Pietro in Vaticano
and S Paolo fuori le mura . Probably built S Crisogono. Buried in a
church which he built above the Catacomba di S Priscilla. Translated
in 761 to S Silvestro in Capite , which is dedicated to him.
336 St Mark From Rome. Founded S Marco and S Balbina (survived until
the 17th century as a ruin). Buried at the Cemetery of St Balbina.
337 - 352 St Julius I
From Rome. Probably built S Maria in Trastevere and possibly S
Apostoli. Buried at the cemetery of Calepodius, and later translated
to S Maria in Trastevere. Honoured as a saint soon after his death.
352 - 366 - Liberius From Rome. Built the Basilica Liberiana, which
later became S Maria Maggiore.
355 - 365 Felix II (antipope) From Rome. Later popes who took this
name were erroneously numbered in sequence after him, and therefore
have two numbers in the list.
366 - 384 St Damasus I From Spain. Restored shrines of early martyrs
in the catacombs. Restored S Anastasia. Built S Lorenzo in Damaso.
Buried in the Catacomba di S Marco e Marcelliano, and later translated
to S Lorenzo in Damaso.
366 - 367 Ursinus
384 - 399 St Syricius From Rome. Probably built S Prassede.
Consecrated the new S Paolo fuori le mura . Buried in the Basilica di
S Silvestro near the Catacomba di S Priscilla.
399 - 401 St Anastasius I From Rome. Built the Basilica Crescentiana,
now lost. May have founded S Sisto. Buried in the basilica above the
Catacombe di Ponziano.
401 - 417 St Innocent I From Albano, Italy. Son of his predecessor
Anastasius. Negotiated with Alaric to prevent the Goths from sacking
Rome. Was in Ravenna when the city was sacked in 410, and returned in
412. Buried in the basilica above the Catacombe di Ponziano.
417 - 418 St Zosimus From Greece. Buried in the church S Lorenzo in
Agro Verano by the road to Tivoli.
418 - 422 St Boniface I From Rome. Built a chapel at the Cemetery of
St Felicitas by the Via Salaria, and was buried there.
418 - 419 Eulalius (antipope)
422 - 432 St Celestine I From Campania. Restored S Maria in
Trastevere. Built S Sabina. Buried in the Catacombe di S Priscilla.
432 - 440 St Sixtus III From Rome. Founded the first known monastery
in Rome, S Sebastiano on the Via Appia. Consecrated S Pietro in
Vincoli. Restored the baptistery at S Giovanni in Laterano . Restored
or rebuilt S Maria Maggiore . May have rebuilt S Lorenzo fuori le
mura next to Constantine's basilica. He was buried in the new
basilica.
440 - 461 St Leo I (the Great) From Tuscany. Struck a deal with Attila
the Hun and thus stopped the Huns from sacking Rome. Decorated the
façade and nave of the old S Pietro in Vaticano . Restored S Paolo
fuori le mura . Buried beneath the Altar of St Leo in S Pietro in
Vaticano . Originally buried in the atrium of the Constantinian
basilica, where he was the first pope to be buried. Proclaimed Doctor
of the Church in 1754.
461 - 468 St Hilary From Sardo. Gave a large part of his fortune to
the Church to be used for restoration after the Vandals had sacked
Rome in 455. Built the three chapels in the baptistry of S Giovanni in
Laterano . Restored S Anastasia. Buried in S Lorenzo fuori le mura,
where he may have founded a monastery.
468 - 483 St Simplicius From Tivoli, Italy. Built S Bibiana before he
was elected as Pope. Built S Stefano Rotondo al Celio . Transformed an
older building into the church S Andrea in Catabarbara.
483 - 492 St Felix III (II) From Rome. Buried in S Paolo on Via Ostia.
492 - 496 St Gelasius From North Africa. Built S Giovanni a Porta
Latina. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
496 - 498 St Anastasius II From Rome. Created cardinal in 494 by Pope
St Gelasius. The first Pope who with certainty was not honoured as a
saint in antiquity. The tradition of his martyrdom is from the Middle
Ages, and is historically incorrect. Buried in the atrium of S Pietro
in Vaticano - although Dante, probably unjustly, places his grave in
Hell (Inferno, XI.6-9).
498 - 514 St Symmachus Celio Simmacho, from Sardo. Built S Pancrazio
and other churches, as well as hospices for the poor. Rebuilt S
Martino ai Monti. Built a residence for the Pope adjacent toS Pietro
in Vaticano , which in time became the Vatican Palace. Buried in the
atrium of S Pietro in Vaticano .
498 and 501-505 Lawrence (antipope) Elected pope by a minority
friendly to the Byzantines. Appeared before King Theoderic with Pope
St Symmachus so that the king could decide between them; the king
chose Symmachus because he was elected first and by a majority of the
clergy. Lawrence was appointed bishop of Nocera, Campania in 499. In
501 he returned to Rome and was installed in the Lateran palace. He
was forced to retire in 505, and died soon after, having spent the
rest of his life in an ascetic way in the home of his protector
Senator Festus.
514 - 523 St Hormisdas Ormisdas Celio, from Frosinone (Campania).
Created cardinal before 514 by Pope St Symmachus. Father of Pope St
Silverius (536-537). Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano . Memoria 6
August.
523 - 526 St John I From Tuscany. Created cardinal c. 495, titular
priest of SS Giovanni e Paolo. The first pope to visit Constantinople
(526). He was seated on a throne in Hagia Sophia which was higher than
that of the Patriarch, and celebrated Mass according to the Western
rite while the Emperor was present. Martyr; died at Ravenna from the
rigours of the journey while awaiting Theoderic's decision on his
fate. Buried outside the walls of Ravenna, but translated to Rome and
enshrined in S Pietro in Vaticano only days later.
526 - 530 St Felix IV (III)
Felice, from Sannio. Created cardinal c. 515 by Pope St Hormisdas. May
have converted an ancient Roman building into the church S Cosma e
Damiano. His portrait in the apse mosaic of that church is the oldest
preserved portrait of a Pope.
530 - 532 St Bonifatius II From Rome. Created Cardinal by Pope St
Felix IV before between 526 and 530; titular priest of S Cecilia in
Trastevere.Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
530 Dioscurus (antipope) From Alexandria.
533 - 535 John II Mercurius, from Rome. The first Pope to take a new
name at his election, as he was called Mercurius, the name of a pagan
deity. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
535 - 536 St Agapitus I From Rome. Son of Godrianus, a Roman priest
slain in the riots during the reign of Pope Symmachus. Died at
Constantinople, possibly poisoned by Empress Theodora, who was a
Monophysite. Venerated as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox churches as
well as by the Catholic Church. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
Memoria 20 September (deposition); 22 April in the Greek Orthodox
Church (date of death).
536 - 537 St Silverius From Campania. Son of Pope St Hormisdas
(514-523). Deported by the Byzantine general Belisarius, first to
Patara in Lykia and then to Palmarola island where he was forced to
abdicate. Martyr; died of starvation and the rigours of life in exile
on the small island. Buried at Palmarola island.
537 - 555 Vigilius From Rome. His election was forced through by
Empress Theodora, and his policies created a schism in the Western
Church. Arrested by Emperor Justinian in 545 for refusing to support
the Three Chapters condemnation. He condemned the Three Chapters in
548, and was labelled a traitor in the West and excommunicated by the
African bishops. Restored churches and catacombs that had been damaged
by the Goths. Died at Syracuse, Sicily while on his way from
Constantinople to Rome. Buried in S Marcello on Via Salaria.
556 - 564 Pelagius I From Rome. Founded or rebuilt SS Apostoli.
Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
561 - 574 John III From Rome. Completed SS Apostoli, started by
Pelagius I (556-561). Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
575 - 579 Benedict I From Rome. Died during the Lombard siege of Rome.
Buried in the sacristy of S Pietro in Vaticano .
579 - 590 Pelagius II From Rome. Restored S Lorenzo fuori le Mura.
Died in the plague of 589-590. Buried in the atrium of S Pietro in
Vaticano .
590 - 604 St Gregory I (the Great) From Rome. Altered the sanctuary at
S Pietro in Vaticano . Despatched St Augustine of Canterbury to
England in 597, thus establishing the Hierarchy of England. Proclaimed
Doctor of the Church in 1295. Buried at S Pietro in Vaticano .
604 - 606 Sabinianus Son of Bonus, from Blera near Viterbo. Apostolic
nuntius to Constantinople in 593, under Gregory the Great. Returned to
Rome in 597. Infamous for selling corn from the Church's granaries at
high prices. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
607 Bonifatius III From Rome. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
608 - 615 St Bonifatius IV From the territory of the Marsi. Received
the Pantheon from Emperor Phocas and consecrated it as a church.
Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
615 - 618 St Deusdedit / Adeodatus I From Rome. The first pope to
bequeath his wealth to his clergy. Also said to be the first pope to
use leaden seals (bullae) for his decretals; this is the origin of the
term "Papal Bull". Memoria 8 November.
619 - 625 Bonifatius V Bonifacio Fummini, from Naples. Created
cardinal by Pope St Deusdedit between 615 and 618; Cardinal priest of
S Sisto. Gave his wealth to the poor. Buried in the cemetery of St
Nicomedes on Via Nomentana.
625 - 638 Honorius I From Campania. Not a cardinal when he was elected
pope. Rebuilt S Agnese fuori le Mura and S Pancrazio, and restored and
decorated numerous churches. This includes a full restoration of S
Pietro in Vaticano . Founded S Apollinare, dedicated to the patron of
the Exarchate of Ravenna. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
640 Severinus Severino, from Rome. Created Cardinal by Pope Honorius I
between 625 and 638; his titular deaconry is unknown. Elected pope in
638, but not consecrated until imperial mandate was given in 640.
Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
640 - 642 John IV Giovanni, from Salonia, Dalmatia. Created cardinal
by Pope Honorius in 636; his titular deaconry is unknown. Built the
chapel of St Venantius in the baptistry of S Giovanni in Laterano ,
and depicted in the mosaic made by his successor there. Buried in S
Pietro in Vaticano
642 - 649 Theodore I Theodoros, Greek from Jerusalem. Decorated S
Stefano Rotondo al Celio . Prepared for the Lateran synod on the
imperial edict banning discussion on certain religious questions.
Possibly poisoned. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
649 - 655 St Martin I
Martino, from Todi, Umbria. Created cardinal by Pope Theodore I
between 642 and 649; his titular church is not known. Refused to
accept an imperial edict banning discussion on certain religious
questions. Was arrested in S Giovanni in Laterano by the Exarch of
Ravenna, taken to Constantinople and then banished to the Chersonese.
Died in involuntary exile in Sebastopol in 655, and is considered a
martyr by the Russian and Greek Orthodox Churches as well as by the
Catholic Church. Summoned the Lateran Council, which condemned the
heresy of Monothelism. After the Council, he had it recorded on the
walls of S Maria Antiqua. Buried in a church dedicated to the Blessed
Virgin in Sebastopol. Later translated to S Martino ai Monti.
654 - 657 St Eugene I
Eugenio, from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope St Martin I between 649
and 655; his titular church is not known. Elected Pope while St Martin
I was still pontiff, since the latter was in involuntary exile. He
tried to please Constantinople, and this did not make him popular in
the Roman congregation. S Eugenio is dedicated to him. Buried in S
Pietro in Vaticano .
657 - 672 St Vitalian
From Segni, Campania. Created cardinal by Pope St Eugene I 654 or 655;
his titular church is unknown. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano . In the
Roman Martyrology; memoria on 27 January.
672 - 676 Adeodatus II
From Rome. Was a monk of the community of S Erasmo on the Coelian
Hill; was not a cardinal when elected pope. Active in the repression
of the Monophysite heresey. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
676 - 678 Donus
Dono, from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Adeodatus II between 672 and
676. Restored and decorated several churches.
Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
678 - 681 St Agatho
Agatone OSB, from Sicily, probably Palermo, of a Greek family. Created
cardinal by Pope Adeodatus II, probably in 676. His titular church is
unknown. Precided over the Third Council of Constantinople (Sixth
Ecumenical Council) through his legates. Buried in S Pietro in
Vaticano . Honoured as a saint in both the Western and Eastern Church.
682 - 683 St Leo II Leone (called Medicus) from Sicily. Created
cardinal by Pope St Agatho in 680. His titular church is unknown.
Translated the relics of numerous martyrs from the catacombs. Restored
S Bibiana and rebuilt S Giorgio in Velabro. Buried at S Pietro in
Vaticano .
684 - 685 St Benedict II Benedetto Savelli, from Rome. Created
cardinal by Pope St Agatho, probably in 681. His titular church is not
known. Restored S Pietro in Vaticano and S Lorenzo in Lucina.
Decorated S Valentino and S Maria ad Martyres. Buried in S Pietro in
Vaticano .
685 - 686 John V From Antioch, Syria. Created cardinal by Pope St
Agatho in 680; his titular deaconry is not known. Buried in S Pietro
in Vaticano .
686 - 687 Conon Conone, birthplace unknown, possibly a Greek from
Sicily. Created cardinal by Pope St Leo II c. 683. Presumed to have
been poisoned. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
687 Theodore (antipope) Probably the Theodore that was created
cardinal by Pope St Agatho c. 680. Submitted to Pope St Sergius I.
687 Pascal (antipope)
Archdeacon of Rome under Pope Conon (686-687). After his election as
antipope, he was deposed from the archdiaconate and imprisoned in a
monastery. He died there, impenitent, about five years later.
687 - 701 St Sergius I
Sergio from Palermo, Sicily, of a Syrian family. Created cardinal by
Pope St Leo II c. 683. Titular priest of S Susanna . The conflict
between the Eastern and Western Churches deepened when an Eastern
Council passed the Quinisext Canons calculated to offend the Western
Church. Sergius refused to accept the validity of these Canons.
Restored S Giovanni in Laterano , S Paolo fuori le mura , S Pietro in
Vaticano and S Susanna .
701 - 705 John VI Giovanni, a Greek. Created Cardinal by Pope St
Sergius I in 700; his titular deaconry is not known. Buried in S
Pietro in Vaticano .
705 - 707 John VII Giovanni / Ioannes, from Rossano in Calabria, of a
Greek family. Created cardinal by pope John VII between 701 and 705;
his titular deaconry is not known. Restored S Anastasia and S Giovanni
in Laterano . Ordered frescoes in S Maria Antiqua. Moved the residence
of the Holy Father to the Palatine.
708 Sisinnius From Syria. Created cardinal by Pope John VII between
705 and 707. His titular deaconry is unknown. Buried in S Pietro in
Vaticano .
708 - 715 Constantine
From Syria. Created cardinal by Pope John VII between 705 and 707; his
titular deaconry is not known. His pontificate marks the end of the
Byzantine era of the Papacy. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
715 - 731 St Gregory II
Gregorio OSB, from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Constantine between
708 and 715; his title is not known. Broke Lieutprand's siege of Rome
in 729. Restored the city walls to protect the city. Restored S Croce
in Gerusalemme and several churches that had been damaged by floods.
Probably founded S Agata in Trastevere. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano
.
731 - 741 St Gregory III
Gregorio OSB, from Syria. Created cardinal by Pope Gregory II in 726;
his titular church is not known. Decorated churches and other
buildings on an hitherto unknown scale. In 731, he convened a synod in
Rome which condemned iconoclasm and excommunicated its advocates.
Restored S Maria in Aquiro. Built an oratory designed to hold relics,
dedicated to Our Saviour and Our Lady, in S Pietro in Vaticano .
741 -752 St Zacharias
From Calabria, of a Greek family. Created cardinal by Pope St Gregory
III between 731 and 740. His titulart church is not known. Ordered
frescoes in S Maria Antiqua, where his portrait can be seen. Moved the
residence of the Holy Father back from the Palatine to the Lateran,
and rebuilt the Lateran Palace. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
752 - 757 Stephen II (III)
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope St Zacharias between 741 and 750;
his titular church is not known. Another Pope Stephen was elected the
same year, but died before he could be consecrated. Therefore, some
lists refer to Stephen II as Stephen III. Cardinals are first
mentioned in the sources during his reign; although they have existed
before, this is the first time that name is used of them. Founded S
Silvestro in Capite , and restored several churches. Buried in S
Pietro in Vaticano .
757 - 767 St Paul I
From Rome, brother of Pope Stephen II. Created cardinal by Pope St
Zacharias between 741 and 750. His titular deaconry is unknown.
Transferred the relics of numerous martyrs from the catacombs to
protect them from raiders. Completed S Silvestro in Capite . Buried in
S Paolo fuori le mura , where he died. Transferred to S Pietro in
Vaticano three months later.
767 - 768 (769) Constantine (antipope)
From Nepi, brother of Duke Toto of Nepi. Was a layman when he was
elected. He was arrested on 30 July 768; his brother was killed at the
same time. He was deposed a week later, and imprisoned. A mob attacked
the monastery where he was held, and gouged his eyes out. He was tried
at the Lateran Synod in April 769, and sentenced to do penance for
life in a monastery.
768 Philip (antipope)
Abbot of the monastery of St Vitus in Rome. Created cardinal by Pope
St Paul I in 671; the titular deaconry is unknown. Elected antipope on
31 July 768, but abdicated in the same day and returned to his
monastery.
768 - 772 Stephen III (IV)
From Syracuse, Siciliy. He was a monk of S Crisogono, and was created
cardinal by Pope St Paul I in 761; titular priest of S Cecilia in
Trastevere. Alhtough the office of cardinal had existed for a long
time, it is in Stephen's reign that the word 'cardinal' is first used
in the Liber Pontificalis. Venerated as a saint in some parts of
Sicily. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
772 - 795 Hadrian I
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Stephen III between 768 and 770.
Titular deacon of S Maria in Via Lata. Presided over the Second
Council of Nicaea (Seventh Ecumenical Council) through his legates.
Built S Maria in Traspontina. Restored S Agnese fuori le mura, S Croce
in Gerusalemme, S Giovanni in Laterano and S Marcello al Corso.
Rebuilt S Marco, S Maria in Cosmedin , S Pietro in Vincoli and S
Prassede. In addition to the many churches he restored and rebuilt, he
restored the infrastructure of the city by repairing aqueducts,
building embankments along the Tiber, creating hostels for pilgrims
etc. Developed the domi cultae, farms owned by the church that
provided funds for aid to the poor and the churches. Buried in S
Pietro in Vaticano . The memorial plaque Charlemagne ordered for him
can be seen there, in the portico.
795 - 816 St Leo III
Leone, from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Hadrian I between 772 and
795; titular priest of S Susanna. Restored and enlarged S Anastasia
and restored as many as 160 other churches. Built S Stefano degli
Abissini . An assassination attempt was made on St Mark's Day in 799.
The Pope was wounded but survived. Crowned Emperor Charlemagne in the
old S Pietro in Vaticano on Christmas Day 800. Buried in S Pietro in
Vaticano .
816 - 817 Stephen IV (V)
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope St Leo III before 815; his titular
church is not known. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
817 - 824 St Pascal I
Pasquale Massimi, from Rome, a monk and abbot of S Stefano. Created
cardinal by Pope St Leo III in 796; titular priest of S Prassede.
Rebuilt S Cecilia and translated her relics there. Completed the
rebuilding of S Prassede. Rebuilt S Maria in Domnica. Ordered the
translation of the relics that were still in the catacombs to protect
them from raiders. The relics of more than 2300 martyrs were brought
to safety in churches. Buried in S Prassede.
824 - 827 Eugene II
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope St Leo III in 816; titular priest
of S Sabina. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano
827 Valentine
Valentino Leoni, from Rome, of the Leontia family. Created cardinal by
Pope Paschal I in 820; his titular deaconry is unknown. Probably
buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
827 - 844 Gregory IV
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope St Leo III in 797; titular priest
of S Marco. Restored S Marco and ordered the apse mosaic with his
portrait there. Restored S Anastasia. Restored the aqueduct to
Janiculum.
844 John (antipope)
A deacon elected by the people of Rome. Pope Sergius II had him
evicted from the Lateran Palace, and confined him to a monastery.
844 - 847 Sergius II
Sergius Can.Reg.Lat., from Rome. Created cardindal by Pope St Leo III
in 797; titular priest of SS Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. Enlarged S
Giovanni in Laterano . Restored the aqueduct Aqua Marcia. S Paolo
fuori le mura and S Pietro in Vaticano , both outside the city walls,
were desecrated by Saracens. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
847 - 855 St Leo IV
Leone, OSB or Can.Reg., from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Sergius II
in 844; titular priest of SS Quattro Coronati. Built walls around the
area of S Pietro in Vaticano , known as 'the Leonine City'. He also
strengthened the city walls. Redecorated S Paolo fuori le mura and S
Pietro in Vaticano after they had been sacked in 846. Rebuilt SS
Quattro Coronati. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
855 - 858 Benedict III
From Rome. Created cardinal by Leo IV in 853, with the title of S
Maria in Trastevere. The antipope Atanasius (see below) had been
elected by the imperial party, and Benedict III was arrested. But most
of the clergy and the people supported him, and he was released. He
showed mercy to Atanasius, choosing not to excommunicate him. He
continued the process of repairing the churches in Rome that had been
damaged by Saracens in 846, and also completed the restoration of the
Schola Anglorum, which had been destroyed by fire in 847. Restored the
baptistry in S Maria Maggiore , and continued the restoration of S
Paolo fuori le mura and S Pietro in Vaticano . Buried in S Pietro in
Vaticano .
855 Anastasius (antipope)
Known as "the Librarian / il Bibliotecario".Born c. 810, died c. 879.
Created cardinal priest with the title of S Marcello in 847. After the
death of Pope St Leo IV in 855, he was elected pope by the imperial
party. The rightfully elected pope, Benedict III, gained supremacy.
Anastasius was reduced to lay state and confined in the monastery of S
Maria in Trastevere. Pope Nicholas I appointed him as papal secretary
and legate after reconciling with him in 858. He was allowed to
represent the Holy Father, Hadrian II, at the Eight General Council in
Constantinople in 869. Hadrian II lifted his suspension from the
priestly state, and appointed him librarian of the Vatican Library. He
died between 877 and 879.
858 - 867 St Nicholas I (the Great)
From Rome, son of the papal civil servant (regionarius) Theodore. Was
ordained priest, and worked under the popes Sergius II, Leo IV and
Benedict III. His influence grew, and he was consecrated as sub-deacon
and then appointed as cardinal by Pope St Leo IV in 853. His titular
deaconry is unknown. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
867 - 872 Hadrian II
From Rome, of the same family as Pope Stephen III and Sergius II.
Married before taking holy orders. Appointed cardinal priest by Pope
St Leo IV with the title of S Marco in 853. Had been elected pope
twice before, but had refused the dignity. Convened the Eight
Ecumenical Council in Constantinople in 869, and presided over it
through ten legates. The biographies of the Liber Pontificalis end
with an incomplete account of the reign of Hadrian II. After that,
there is only a line recording the name and regnal dates of each
pontiff. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
872 - 882 John VIII
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope St Nicholas I in 867; his titular
deaconry is not known. Built the walls around S Paolo fuori le mura -
the Johannine City - to protect it from raiders. Probably murdered by
a relative; the first pope to be killed in the conflicts between the
aristocratic families in Rome. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
882 - 884 Marinus I
From Gallese or Montefiascone. Created cardinal by Pope John VIII c.
880; his titular deaconry is not known. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano
.
884 - 885 S Hadrian III
Adriano dei Conti di Tuscolo, from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope
Marinus I between 882 and 884. His titular church is not known. Died
in S Cesareo sul Panaro near Modena, and was buried in the church S
Silvestro in the nearby abbey of Nonantula. Cult confirmed 2 June 1891
by Pope Leo XIII, making him the only canonized pope in the period 882
- 1046, which is known as the Saeculum obscurum, "The Dark Ages".
Memoria 8 July.
885 - 891 Stephen V (VI)
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Marinus I in 882. Titular priest
of SS Quattro Coronati. Restored S Apostoli. Buried in the portico of
S Pietro in Vaticano .
891 - 896 Formosus
From Ostia or Corsica. Created cardinal by Pope St Nicholas I in 864.
He was excommunicated by Pope John VIII in 876, and exiled in France.
Pope Marinus I recalled and reinstated him in 883. Built or rebuilt S
Lorenzo in Panisperna. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano . His body was
exhumed by Pope Stephen VI (896-987) and put on a mock trial. He was
convicted of perjury and excommunicated, and the body was desecrated
and thrown in the Tiber from where it was probably rescued by a
fisherman and reburied at an unknown location. He was rehabilitated by
Pope John IX in the Roman Synod of April 898.
896 Boniface VI
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Formosus between 891 and 896. His
titular church is not known. Excluded from some lists, as the validity
of his election is questionable.
896 - 897 Stephen VI (VII)
From Rome. Had the body of Pope Formosus (891-896) exhumed and put on
a mock trial, convicted and desecrated. The people of Rome rebelled
against him, and had him deposed and imprisoned. He was suffocated
with a pillow while in prison. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
897 Romanus
Romano Marin, from Gallese in Tuscany, nephew of Pope Marinus I.
Created cardinal by Pope St Nicholas I in 867; his titular church is
not known. Elected pope in July or August 897, and died in November
the same year. May have been deposed by one of the aristocratic
factions.
897 Theodore II
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Formosus between 891 and 896. His
titular church is not known. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
898 - 900 John IX
Giovanni OSB, from Tivoli. Created cardinal by Pope Formosus between
891 and 896. His titular church is not known. Rehabilitated Pope
Formosus at the Roman Synod in 898. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
900 - 903 Benedict IV
From Rome. It is uncertain if he was a cardinal when elected pope.
Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
903 Leo V
From Ardea or Priapo. Created cardinal by Pope Stephen VI in 898; his
titular church is not known. Deposed and imprisoned by Cardinal
Cristoforus, who had himself elected as Pope (the election was
invalid). Was possibly murdered by Sergius III. His body was as
cremated, and the ashes spread in the Tiber.
903 - 904 Christopher (antipope)
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope John IX c. 900. Titular priest of
S Lorenzo in Damaso. Deposed and imprisoned by Pope Sergius III in
904. It is uncertain if he was murdered or confined to a monastery.
904 - 911 Sergius III
Sergio dei Conti di Tuscolo, from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope
Stephen V between 885 and 891. His titular church is not known.
Subscribed the decree against Pope Formosus in 897, and was
excommunicated by Pope John IX at the Roman Synod in 898.
Rehabilitated at some point before his election in 904. Deposed the
antipope Cristoforus and may have murdered Leo V. Rebuilt S Giovanni
in Laterano , which had been damaged in an earthquake in 897. Buried
in S Giovanni in Laterano .
911 - 913 Anastasius III
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Sergius III between 904 and 911;
his titular deaconry is unknown. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
913 - 914 Lando
From Sabina. Created cardinal by Pope Sergius III between 904 and 911;
his titular deaconry is unknown. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
914 - 928 John X
Centius / Cenzio, from Tossignano. Created cardinal c. 907 by Pope
Sergius III. His titular deaconry is not known. Rebuilt the Lateran
Palace. Deposed, probably by the people of Rome or by the Theophylacti
family who had arranged his election in 914, and imprisoned in Castel
S Angelo. Murdered there by the Theophylacti family in 929, probably
suffocated with a pillow. Buried in S Giovanni in Laterano , near the
middle door; the tomb is lost.
928 Leo VI
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope John X c. 928. His titular church
is not known. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
928 - 931 Stephen VII (VIII)
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Leo VI 928 or 929. His titular
deaconry is not known. Buried in the crypt of S Pietro in Vaticano .
931 - 935 John XI
Giovanni dei Conti di Tuscolo, from Rome. Illegitimate son of Sergius
III (901-911) and the Theophylacti matron Marozia. Created cardinal by
Pope Leo VI in 928 or 929. His titular deaconry is not known. Buried
in S Giovanni in Laterano .
936 - 939 Leo VII
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope John XI between 931 and 936. His
titular deaconry is not known. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
939 - 942 Stephen VIII (IX)
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Leo VII between 936 and 939. May
have been titular priest of SS Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. Probably
imprisoned by Alberic, and died in prison from maltreatment. Buried in
S Pietro in Vaticano .
942 - 946 Marinus II
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Stephen VIII between 939 and 942.
His titular church is not known, but some sources indicate that it was
S Ciriaco. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
946 - 955 Agapitus II
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Marinus II between 942 and 946.
His titular deaconry is not known. Buried in S Giovanni in Laterano
955 - 964 John XII
Ottaviano dei conti di Tuscolo. Created cardinal by Pope Marinus II
between 942 and 946. Died of a stroke at age 27 while in bed with a
married woman. One account of his death claims that he was killed by
her husband when he caught them in bed together. Buried in S Giovanni
in Laterano .
963 - 965 Leo VIII
From Rome. The validity of his election to the papacy is uncertain.
Pope John XII was deposed before December 963, when Leo VIII was
elected by acclamation in a council called by Emperor Otto I. If he
was validly deposed, it follows that Leo VIII was validly elected. The
official list of popes lists him, with the question of the validity of
the election in a footnote. He was a layman when elected, working as
chief notary (protoscrinarius)) of the Church. He was elected on 4
December, received the lowers orders on 5 December and was ordained by
three cardinals on 6 December. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
964 - 966 Benedict V
Benedetto Grammatico, from Rome. Elected at the death of John XII; the
election was valid if Leo VIII's was invalid (AP 1999) - due to the
uncertainty, both are considered validly elected in the official list.
Exiled to Hamburg by Emperor Otto I in 964 or 965; probably died
there. Buried in Rome at an unknown location.
965 - 972 John XIII
Sergio (Giovanni) Bono, from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Benedict V
in 964. His titular church is not known. Buried in S Paolo fuori le
mura .
973 - 974 Benedict VI
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope John XIII between 965 and 972.
Imprisoned in Castel S Angelo by Crescenzio, son of Theodora, and
strangled there. The conspirators were aided by the deacon Franco, who
ruled as the anti-pope Boniface VII. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano
974 and 984 - 985 Boniface VII (antipope)
Francone (Franco), from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope John XIII
between 965 and 972. One of the conspirators to the murder of Pope
Benedict VI. Deposed by Pope Benedict VII. Elected antipope again
after the death of Pope John XIV.
974 - 983 Benedict VII
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope John XIII between 965 and 972. His
titular deaconry is not known. Elected pope after the people had
deposed the anti-pope Boniface VII, who had taken part in the murder
of Pope Benedict VI. Appointed Dietrich von Trier as titular of S
Quattro Coronati; this was the first time a foreigner had been a
titular of a Roman parish church. Buried at S Croce in Gerusalemme.
983 - 984 John XIV
Pietro Canevanova, from Pavia. Created cardinal by Pope Benedict VII
between 974 and 981. His titular church or diocese is not known.
Deposed, mutilated and imprisoned in Castel S Angelo. Died there of
starvation or by poisoning. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
985 - 996 John XV
From Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Benedict VII between 974 and 983.
Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
996 - 999 Gregory V
Brunone dei duchi di Carinzia, from Saxony, a cousin and chaplain of
Emperor Otto III. The first German pope. Created cardinal by Pope John
XV c. 995. His titular church or diocese is not known. Temporarily
deposed in 996, but returned to the Holy See the same year. Buried in
S Pietro in Vaticano .
997 - 998 John XVI (antipope)
Giovanni Filagato OSB, from Rossano. Created cardinal by Pope Gregory
V in 996. His titular church or see is not known.
999 - 1003 Sylvester II
Gerberto "le Musicien" OSB, from Auvergne. Abbot of the Monastery of
Bobbio and Archbishop of Reims.Created cardinal by Pope Gregory V in
998. His titular church is not known. Buried in S Giovanni in Laterano
, where the funerary inscription has been preserved. His body was
found in 1648, but crumbled to dust.
1003 John XVII
Siccone, from Ripagnano (Rome). Created cardinal by pope Gregory V c.
996. His titular church is not known. Should have been John XVI, but
an antipope had used that name 997-998. Buried in S Giovanni in
Laterano .
1004 - 1009 John XVIII
Fasano, from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Sylvester II c. 1000.
Titular priest of S Pietro in Vincoli. May have abdicated, and at
least he retired to the monastery at S Paolo fuori le mura to live as
a monk shortly before his death. He was buried there.
1009 - 1012 Sergius IV
Pietro Martino Boccapecora OSB, from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope
John XVIII in 1004. Cardinal bishop of Albano. The Benedictines
venerate him as a saint, but his cult has never been officially
approved. Buried in S Giovanni in Laterano .
1012 - 1024 Benedict VIII
Teofilatto dei conti di Tuscolo. Created cardinal by Pope Sylvester II
in 1001. Cardinal bishop of Porto. Introduced the Creed with the
addition of Filioque in the Roman Canon of Mass. Buried in S Pietro in
Vaticano .
1012 Gregory (antipope)
1024 - 1032 John XIX
Romano dei conti di Tuscolo. Created cardinal while still a layman by
Pope Benedict VIII, who was his brother. His titular deaconry is not
known. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
1032 - 1044 Benedict IX
Teofilatto dei conti di Tuscolo. Nephew of Pope Benedict VIII and of
Pope John XIX. Fled Rome in 1044, and took refuge in Tusculum, in the
Frascati area. Was never formally deposed, and was restored to the
pontificate in 1045.
1045 Sylvester III
Giovanni, from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Benedict IX between 1032
and 1044. Cardinal bishop of Sabina. Deposed from the papacy by
Benedict IX, who himself was never formally deposed. Although he was
excommunicated and sentenced to live the rest of his life in a
monastery, he continued as Bishop of Sabina. Probably buried in
Sabina.
1045 Benedict IX
For the second time; see 1032 - 1044. This time, he was deposed by
Emperor Henry III.
1045 - 1046 Gregory VI
Giovanni Graziano, from Rome. May have been created cardinal by Pope
Benedict VIII c. 1012, but this is uncertain. Accused of simony, and
deposed by Emperor Henry III at the Synod of Sutri.. Exiled in
Germany, probably in Cologne or according to other sources to the
Abbey of Cluny. With him was Hildebrand, later elected as Pope Gregory
VII (1073-1085). Buried at an unknown location.
1046 - 1047 Clement II
Suitgero dei signori di Morsleben e Hornburg (Suidger Morsleben von
Horneburg), from Saxony. Created cardinal by Pope Gregory V c. 996;
his titular church is not known. Buried in the cathedral at Bamberg,
Germany, where he was officially still Bishop.
1047 - 1048 Benedict IX
For the third time; see 1032 - 1044. Deposed for a third time, after
which he may have retired to Grottaferata to live as a monk for a
brief period before his death. He was buried there.
1048 Damasus II
From Bavaria. Was not a cardinal when he was elected. Buried in S
Lorenzo fuori le mura.
1049 - 1054 St Leo IX
Brunone dei conti di Egisheim-Dagsburg, from Alsatia. Buried in S
Pietro in Vaticano .
1055 - 1057 Victor II
Gebeardo dei conti di Dollnstein-Hirschberg, from Germany. Buried at
Ravenna, in S Maria Rotonda (the mausoleum of Theoderic).
1057 - 1058 Stephen IX (X)
Federico dei duchi di Lorena, from Lorena. Buried at Florence, in S
Reparata.
1058 - 1059 Benedict X (antipope)
Giovanni dei Conti di Galeria e Tuscolo, from Rome. Created cardinal
by Pope St Leo IX in 1050. Cardinal bishop of Velletri. Deposed by the
Synod of Sutri in 1059. Exiled to Galeria; returned to Rome in 1060
and tried to restablish himself as pope, but was prevented from doing
so.
1059 - 1061 Nicholas II
Gerardo, from Bourgogne. Was not a cardinal when elected pope. In the
decree In Nomine Domine of 1059, the Cardinals are given the exclusive
right to elect popes. Buried at Florence, in S Reparata.
1061 - 1073 Alexander II
Anselmo da Baggio, from Milan. Buried in S Giovanni in Laterano .
1061 - 1072 Honorius II (antipope)
Pietro Cadalo, from Verona. Was nominated by Empress Agnes and elected
by an assembly in Basel in October 1061. Anathemized by the Synod of
Mantua in May 1064; Alexander II was recognized as the legitimate
pope. While this meant that he had been de facto deposed, he continued
to function as bishop of Parma and never gave up the claim to the
papacy.
1073 - 1085 St Gregory VII
Ildebrando / Hildebrand OSB, from Tuscany. Created cardinal by Pope
Nicholas II c. 1059. Titular deacon of S Maria in Domnica.
Excommunicated Emperor Henry IV when his election was contested by the
Emperor. Buried at Salerno, in the Duomo San Matteo, which he had
consecrated a few weeks before his death. Beatified in 1584, canonized
in 1606.
1080 and 1084 - 1100 Clement III (antipope)
Wiberto (Guibert), from Parma. Excommunicated by Pope St Gregory VIII
in 1076 for conspiring against the pope. Appointed by Emperor Henry
IV; was not a cardinal when elevated to the papacy. Controlled Rome
during the papacy of Bl. Victor III and most of the papacy of Bl.
Urban II.
1086 - 1087 Bl. Victor III
Dauferio / Desiderio OSB, from Benevento. Created cardinal by Pope
Stephen IX in March 1058. Titular deacon of SS Sergio e Bacco. Died in
the monastery of Monte Cassino, and was buried there. Cult confirmed
July 1887. Memoria 16 September.
1088 - 1099 Bl. Urban II
Oddone di Lagery OSB Cluniac, from Chatillon-sur-Marne, Rheims,
France. Created cardinal by Pope St Gregory VII c. 1073. His titular
church is not known. Called for the First Crusade. Buried in S Pietro
in Vaticano . Cult confirmed in July 1881.
1099 - 1118 Pascal II
Raniero / Rainier Can.Reg.Lat., from Bieda (Viterbo). Created cardinal
by Pope St Gregory VII in 1073. Titular priest of S Clemente. Built a
chapel which later became S Maria del Popolo. Restored S Maria in
Montecelli. Buried in S Giovanni in Laterano .
1100 Theoderic (antipope)
Bishop of S Rufina. Created (pseudo-)cardinal by the antipope Clement
III c. 1095. Deposed early in January 1101. Died 1102 in the monastery
of SS Trinità in Salerno, where he had lived as a monk since being
deposed. Buried in the community's cemetery, where his tombstone has
been preserved.
1102 (1101?) Albert (antipope)
Alberto OSB, from Atella. Bishop of Sabina and Abbot of Farfa. Deposed
soon after his election. Died in the monastery of S Lorenzo in Aversa
on an unknown date.
1105 - 1111 Sylvester IV (antipope)
Maginulfo, from Rome. Created (pseudo-)cardinal by the antipope
Clement III between 1084 and 1100. Abdicated in April 1111, and lived
in exile at the court of Count Werner of Ancona. The date of his death
is unknown.
1118 - 1119 Gelasius II
Giovanni Caetani OSB Cas., from Gaeta. Created cardinal by Pope St
Gregory VII c. 1082; his titular deaconry is not known. Exiled by the
Frangipani, who installed the antipope Gregory VIII. Died in exile at
Cluny, and is buried there.
1118 - 1121 Gregory VIII (antipope)
Maurizio e Burdino, from France. Deposed in April 1121. Died 1140.
1119 - 1124 Callixtus II
Guido di Borgogna. Elected at Cluny as Gelasius II's successor.
Returned to Rome and deposed the antipope Gregory VIII. Restored S
Agnese in Agone. Altered the sanctuary in S Pietro in Vaticano .
Buried in S Giovanni in Laterano .
1124 - 1130 Honorius II
Lamberto Scannabechi CRSA, from Fiagnano (Imola). Created cardinal by
Pope Bl. Urban II in 1099. Titular priest of S Prassede. Died at the
monastery of S Gregorio al Celio, and was buried there. After his
successor has been elected his mortal remains were moved to S Giovanni
in Laterano .
1124 Celestine II (antipope)
Tebaldo Buccapecus, from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope Callixtus II
in December 1122. Titular priest of S Anastasia. Elected antipope in
December 1124, and resigned the day after the election in favour of
Honorius II.
1130 - 1143 Innocent II
Gregorio Papareschi Can.Reg.Lat., from Rome. Created cardinal c. 1088
by Pope Bl. Urban II. His titular deaconry is not known. Rebuilt S
Maria in Trastevere. Probably built SS Vincenzo e Anastasio alle Tre
Fontane. Refused to let the Romans destroy the town of Tivoli in 1140,
leading to a rebellion in Rome. Buried in S Giovanni in Laterano . His
tomb was moved to S Maria in Trastevere after S Giovanni in Laterano
burned in 1308.
1130 - 1138 Anacletus II (antipope)
Pietro Petri Leonis (Pierleoni), from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope
Paschal II in 1106. Titular deacon of SS Cosma e Damiano. Belonged to
a family that had recently converted. Excommunicated by Pope Innocent
II at the Council of Rheims in 1131, but could not be deposed. Buried
in S Giovanni in Laterano.
1138 Victor IV (antipope)
Gregorio. After the death of the antipope Anacletus II, Victor IV
found that support for Innocent II was so strong that he soon
abdicated. He went to St Bernard of Clairvaux as a penitent, and was
taken to Pope Innocent II to beg forgiveness. The Holy Father restored
him to the cardinalitial dignity. Died c. 1140.
1143 - 1144 Celestine II
Guido del Castello, from Cittá di Castello. Created cardinal by Pope
Honorius II in December 1127. Titular deacon of S Maria in Via Lata.
Buried in S Giovanni in Laterano .
1144 - 1145 Lucius II
Gerardo Caccianemici dell'Orso Can.Reg., from Bologna. Was a Canon
Regular in S Maria de Reno in the monastery of S Lucca. Created
cardinal by Pope Callixtus II in December 1122. Titular priest of S
Croce in Gerusalemme. Allegedly led a charge on the Capitol to end the
rebellion that had started in 1140, and may have died of wounds
received there. Died in the monastery of S Gregorio al Celio, and was
buried in S Giovanni in Laterano .
1145 - 1153 Bl. Eugene III
Bernardo forse dei Paganelli di Montemagno, from Pisa. Forced to leave
Rome twice by anti-papal rebels. In 1148 he excommunicated the rebel
leader Arnold of Brescia , who was later executed by Emperor Frederick
Barbarossa. Died in exile at Tivoli, and was buried in S Pietro in
Vaticano . Cult confirmed in October 1872.
1153 - 1154 Anastasius IV
Corrado de Suburra Can.Reg.Lat., from Rome. A nephew of Pope Honorius
II, who created him cardinal in December 1127. Cardinal Bishop of
Sabina. Restored S Maria ad Martyres / Pantheon. Ordered
archaeological excavations beneath the Lateran. Buried in S Giovanni
in Laterano .
1154 - 1159 Hadrian IV
Nicholas Breakspear Can.Reg., from England, born c. 1100. Canon
Regular of St-Ruf, Avignon, elected abbot of the community. Created
cardinal by Pope Bl. Eugene III in 1146. Cardinal Bishop of Albano.
Sent to Scandinavia in 1152 as papal legate, and elevated the Diocese
of Nidaros in Norway to metropolitan rank in 1153/54. Hailed as the
Apostle of the North on his return to Rome, and elected pope soon
after. The only English pope (so far). Died at Anagni, and was buried
in S Pietro in Vaticano .
1159 - 1181 Alexander III
Rolando Bandinelli Can.Reg.Lat., from Siena. Created cardinal by pope
Bl. Eugenius III in 1150. Titular priest of S Marco. During his reign,
four antipopes were installed by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
Excommunicated the Emperor. Died in exile at Cività Castellana. Buried
in S Giovanni in Laterano .
1159 - 1164 Victor IV (antipope)
Ottaviano de Monticello, from Tivoli. Created cardinal by Pope
Innocent II in 1138. Titular deacon of S Nicola in Carcere.
1164 - 1168 Pascal III (antipope)
Guido da Crema.
1168 - 1178 Callixtus III (antipope)
Giovanni (János) OSB, from Hungary. Abbot of Strumi, Arezzno. Created
(pesudo-)cardinal by Antipope Paschal III between 1164 and 1168.
Submitted to Pope Alexander III on 29 August 1178. Appointed governor
of Benevento, where he is buried.
1179 - 1180 Innocent III (antipope)
Lando Sitino, from Sezze (Sitinus). Deacon of S Angelo in Pescheria.
Created (pseudo-)cardinal by Antipope Victor IV between 1159 and 1164.
Desposed in 1180 and confined to a monastery in La Cava. Date of death
unknown.
1181 - 1185 Lucius III
Ubaldo Allucingoli, from Lucca. Created cardinal by Pope Innocent II,
probably in May 1141. Titular priest of S Prassede. Buried at Verona,
in the cathedral.
1185 - 1187 Urban III
Uberto Crivelli Can.Reg., from Milan. Canon Regular and archdeacon of
the cathedral chapter of Milan. Uncle of Pope Celestine IV. Created
cardinal by Pope Alexander III in 1173, or by Lucius III in 1182.
Archbishop of Milan in 1185. He never set foot in Rome after his
election, as he died at Ferrara while on his way there. He was buried
at Ferrara, in the cathedral.
1187 Gregory VIII
Alberto Sartori de Morra, from Benevento. Cistercian or Benedictine
(Cassinese) monk. Created cardinal by Pope Hadrian IV in December
1155.Titular priest of S Lorenzo in Lucina. Buried at Pisa, in the
cathedral.
1187 - 1191 Clement III
Paolo Scolari, from Rome. Canon of S Maria Maggiore. Created cardinal
by Pope Alexander III in 1180. Cardinal bishop of Palestrina. Buried
in S Giovanni in Laterano ; the tomb is now lost.
1191 - 1198 Celestine III
Giacinto Bobone (Orsini), from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope
Celestine II. Still a deacon when elected pope. Approved the
foundation of the Teutonic Knights in 1191. Buried in S Giovanni in
Laterano .
1198 - 1216 Innocent III
Lotario dei conti de Segni, born 1160 or 1161 at Anagni or Gavignano
(Rome). Created cardinal by his uncle, Pope Clement III, in September
1190. Titular deacon of S Giorgio in Velabro. Managed to establish
dominance over the emperors from his first year as Pope. Rebuilt S
Sisto Vecchio. Founded the Hospital of Santo Spirito in Sassia, which
was merged with S Maria in Sassia (now S Spirito in Sassia). Approved
the Franciscan Order in 1210. Summoned the 4th Lateran Council in
1215. Approved the Dominican Order in 1216. Buried at Perugia, and
later moved to S Giovanni in Laterano .
1216 - 1227 Honorius III
Cencio Savelli Can.Reg.Lat, from Rome. Created cardinal by Pope
Celestine III in 1193. Titular deacon of SS Giovanni e Paolo. Approved
the Rule of St Dominic in the Bull Religiosam vitam, 1216, and the
Rule of St Francis in the Bull Solet annurere,1223. Restored S
Allessio all'Aventino and S Bibiana. Expanded S Lorenzo fuori le mura.
Buried in S Maria Maggiore .
1227 - 1241 Gregory IX
Ugolino dei conti di Segni, from Agnani. Consecrated S Maria del
Popolo. Redecorated S Eusebio. Canonized several great saints: St
Francis of Assisi, St Anthony of Padua, St Dominic and St Elizabeth of
Hungary.
Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
1241 Celestine IV
Goffredo Castiglioni, from Milan. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano
1243 - 1254 Innocent IV
Sinibaldo Fieschi, from Genua. Died at Naples, and was buried there in
S Restituta. At the end of the 13th century, his tomb was moved to S
Januaris in the same city.
1254 - 1261 Alexander IV
Rinaldo dei Signori di Ienne, from Ienne (Rome). Consecrated S
Constanza as a church. Died at Viterbo, and was buried in the
cathedral there.
1261 - 1264 Urban IV
Giacomo Pantaléon, from Troyes. Died at Perugia, and was buried in the
cathedral there.
1265 - 1268 Clement IV
Guido Fulcodi, from France. Died at Viterbo, and was buried at the
Dominican monastery of S Maria in Gradi outside the walls of the town.
His tomb was moved to the basilica of S Francesco, Viterbo, in 1885.
1271 and 1272 - 1276 Bl. Gregory X
Tedaldo Visconti, from Piacenza. Died at Arezzo, and was buried in the
cathedral there. Cult confirmed in September 1713.
1276 Bl. Innocent V
Pietro di Tarantasia, from Savoy. Buried in S Giovanni in Laterano .
The funerary monument in porphyry is now lost. Cult confirmed in March
1898.
1276 Hadrian V
Ottobono Fieschi, from Genua. Nephew of Pope Innocent IV. Elected
while a layman, and died 38 days later without having been ordained.
He is however still considered a legitimate Pope under the rules of
the time. Dante places him in Purtgatory, Purg. C.XIX. Died at
Viterbo, and was buried in the basilica of S Francesco there.
1276 - 1277 John XXI
Pietro Iuliani, from Portugal. Due to a clercial error, there is no
John XX. Died at Viterbo when the roof of his observatory collapsed.
Buried in the cathedral of S Lorenzo there.
1277 - 1280 Nicholas III
Gian (Giovanni) Gaetano Orsini, from Rome. The first Pope to set up
permanent residence in the Vatican. Rebuilt S Maria sopra Minerva.
Restored S Pietro in Vaticano and other churches. Died at Soriano
near Viterbo, and was buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
1281 - 1285 Martin IV
Simone de Brion, from France. There is no Pope called Martin II or
Martin III, due to confusion of the names Marinus and Martinus in the
lists. Died at Perugia, and was buried there in the cathedral of S
Lorenzo.
1285 - 1287 Honorius IV
Giacomo Savelli, from Rome. Buried in S Maria in Aracoeli.
1288 - 1292 Nicholas IV
Girolamo Masci OFM, from Ascoli. The first Franciscan elected as Pope.
Founded S Margherita di Antiochia. One of the donors of the apse
mosaic and the crib in S Maria Maggiore . Buried at S Maria Maggiore .
1294 - 1296 St Celestine V
Pietro del Murrone, from Molise. Died at Castel Fumone, and was buried
in Ferentino. His tomb was later moved to S Maria di Colmaggio in
L'Aquila. Canonized in May 1313.
1294 and 1295 - 1303 Boniface VIII
Benedetto Caetani, from Anagni. Proclaimed the first Holy Year in
1300. Rebuilt S Lorenzo in Panisperna.
Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
1303 - 1304 Bl. Benedict XI
Niccolò Boccasini OP, from Treviso. Died at Perugia, and was buried
there in S Domenico. Cult confirmed in April 1736.
1305 - 1314 Clement V
Bertrando de Got, from France. Started rebuilding S Giovanni in
Laterano after a fire in 1308. Transferred the papacy to Avignon,
France. Suppressed the Order of the Knights Templar. Died in
Roquemaure, and was buried in the parish church he had built in
Uzeste.
1316 - 1334 John XXII
Giacomo Duèse, from Cahors. Elected after an interregnum that has
lasted two years from the death of Clement V. Installed the mosaic on
the façade of S Paolo fuori le mura . Started building the Papal
palace at Avignon. Buried in Notre-Dame-des-Doms at Avignon.
1328 - 1330 Nicholas V (antipope)
Pietro Rainallucci, from Corvaro (Rieti).
1334 and 1335 - 1342 Benedict XII
Giacomo Fournier, from France. Restored S Giovanni in Laterano and S
Pietro in Vaticano . Buried in Notre-Dame-des-Doms in Avignon.
1342 - 1352 Clement VI
Pietro Roger, from France. Buried in La Chaise-Dieu. His tomb was
desecrated and his mortal remains burnt by the Huguenots in 1562.
1352 - 1362 Innocent VI
Stefano Aubert, from France. Buried in the Carthusian monastery
Villeneuve-lès-Avignon.
1362 - 1370 Bl. Urban V
Guglielmo de Grimoard OSB, from France. Rebuilt S Giovanni in Laterano
after a fire in 1360. Returned the papacy to Rome for a brief period.
Buried in the cathedral of Avignon. His tomb was moved to the abbey
Saint-Victor in Marseille in 1372. It was destroyed along with his
relics during the French Revolution. Cult confirmed in March 1870.
1370 and 1371 - 1378 Gregory XI
Pietro Roger de Beaufort, from France. Returned the papacy from
Avignon to Rome in 1377. Built the bell-tower at S Maria Maggiore .
Reburied in S Francesca Romana in 1558.
1378 - 1389 Urban VI
Bartolomeo Prignano, from Naples. The Great Schism in the Western
Church started in 1378 with the election of the antipope Clement VII
(1378-1394). Buried in the crypt of S Pietro in Vaticano .
1389 - 1404 Boniface IX
Pietro Tomacelli, from Naples. Buried in the crypt of S Pietro in
Vaticano .
1404 - 1406 Innocent VII
Cosma Migliorati, from Sulmona. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
1406 - 1415 Gregory XII
Angelo Correr, from Venice. Died in Recanati, and was buried in the
cathedral there.
1378 - 1394 Clement VII (antipope)
Roberto dei conti del Genevois.
1394 - 1423 Benedict XIII (antipope)
Pietro de Luna, from Aragon.
1409 - 1410 Alexander V (antipope)
Pietro Filargo, from Crete.
1410 - 1415 John XXIII (antipope)
Baldassare Cossa, from Naples.
1417 - 1431 Martin V
Oddone Colonna, from Rome. In 1417, the Great Schism that started in
1378 ended after a two year interregnum. After a long period of
neglect, due to civil unrest and the transferral of the papacy to
Avignon (1309-1377), Martin V began restoring Rome. Restored the
patriarchal basilicas and S Apostoli. Buried in the confessio at S
Giovanni in Laterano .
1431 - 1447 Eugene IV
Gabriele Condulmer, from Venice. Pope at the time of the Council of
Florence, where he tried to reunite the Churches of the East and West.
Commissioned the main doors of S Pietro in Vaticano . Rebuilt parts of
S Giovanni in Laterano . Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano ; his tomb was
later moved to S Salvatore in Lauro.
1440 - 1449 Felix V (antipope)
Amedeo duca di Savoia, from Savoy.
1447 - 1455 Nicholas V
Tommaso Parentucelli, from Sarzana. Started planning the new S Pietro
in Vaticano . Rebuilt S Teodoro. Had about 40 churches restored for
the Holy Year of 1450. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
1455 - 1458 Callixtus III
Alonso de Borja (Borgia), from Játiva (Valencia, Spain). Restored S
Prisca. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano , and in 1610 moved to S Maria
de Monserrato degli Spagnoli.
1458 - 1464 Pius II
Enea Silvio Piccolomini, from Siena. Died at Ancona. Buried at S
Andrea delle Valle; his heart was buried in Ancona.
1464 - 1471 Paul II
Pietro Barbo, from Venice. Rebuilt S Marco and built the Palazzo
Venezia. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
1471 - 1484 Sixtus IV
Francesco della Rovere OFM, from Savona. Built S Maria della Pace and
SS Vito e Modesto. Started rebuilding S Pietro in Vincoli. Rebuilt S
Maria del Popolo, S Spirito in Sassia and S Susanna Gave S Stefano
degli Abissini to the Coptic monks. Built the Cappella Sistina in
the Vatican. Established the Vatican Archives and was co-founder of
the Vatican Library. Tomb exhibited in the Treasury at S Pietro in
Vaticano .
1484 - 1492 Innocent VIII
Giovanni Battista Cibo, from Genua. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
1492 - 1503 Alexander VI
Rodrigo de Borja (Borgia), from Játiva (Valencia, Spain). Took the
name Alexander VI, since Alexander V had been used by an antipope
(1409-1410). Ordered the new ceiling in S Maria Maggiore . Rebuilt S
Rocco. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano , and moved to S Maria de
Monserrato degli Spagnoli in 1610.
1503 Pius III
Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini, from Siena. Reigned for only 10
days. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano , and later moved to S Andrea
delle Valle.
1503 - 1513 Julius II
Giuliano della Rovere OFM, born at Albissola near Savona in 1443.
Nephew of Pope Sixtus IV (1471-1484), who created him cardinal on 15
December 1471. Titular priest of S Pietro in Vincoli. Made a lot of
money from various ecclesiasctical benefices, which he spent on his
patronage of the fine arts. Among those he supported were Bramante,
Rafael and Michelangelo. Started the building of the new S Pietro in
Vaticano . Completed the rebuilding of S Pietro in Vincoli, where his
cenotaph by Michelangelo can be seen. Rebuilt and rededicated S Maria
della Quercia. Ordered Michelangelo to decorate the ceiling of the
Cappella Sistina.
1513 - 1521 Leo X
Giovanni de'Medici, from Florence. Excommunicated Martin Luther in
1521. While serving as a cardinal, he was the titular priest of S
Maria in Domnica. Buried at S Maria sopra Minerva.
1522 - 1523 Hadrian VI
Adriano Florensz, born in Utrecht in 1459. The last non-Italian pope
(Dutch) until John Paul II; the Romans referred to him as the last
pontifice barbaro. With the exception of Marcellus II he was also the
only pope of modern times to retain his baptismal name. Buried at S
Maria dell' Anima .
1523 - 1534 Clement VII
Giulio de'Medici, from Florence. Refused to nullify Henry VIII's
marriage with Catherine of Aragon. The sack of Rome in 1527 forced him
to flee from the city; he returned in 1528. Buried at S Maria sopra
Minerva.
1534 - 1549 Paul III
Alessandro Farnese, from Rome. Approved the foundation of the Society
of Jesus, the Jesuit Order. Convened the Council of Trent, which dealt
with the challenges of the Reformation. Appointed Michelangelo as
architect of the new S Pietro in Vaticano after the death of
Sangallo, and ordered Michelangelo to paint Judgment Day in the
Cappella Sistina. Started rebuilding Rome after the sack in 1527. This
includes the Palazzao Farnese by Antonio da Sangallo and Michelangelo
as well as the restoration of several churches. Buried in S Pietro in
Vaticano .
1550 - 1555 Julius III
Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte. Born in Rome 1487.Archbishop of
Mafredonia. One of the hostages given by Pope Clement III to the
Imperial troops after the Sack of Rome in 1527; liberated and thus
saved from execution by Pompio Cardinal Colonna. Created cardinal by
Pope Paul III in December 1536. Titular priest of S Vitale 1536-1543,
Cardinal bishop of Palestrina 1543-1550. Appointed first president of
the Council of Trent in 1545, and opened the council with a short
address on 13 December of that year. Built S Andrea del Vignola. Died
in Rome 1555, and was buried in the crypt in S Pietro in Vaticano .
1555 Marcellus II
Marcello Cervini, from Montepulciano. Died after a pontificate of only
22 days. Buried in the crypt in S Pietro in Vaticano .
1555 - 1559 Paul IV
Gian Pietro Carafa, from Naples. Buried inS Maria sopra Minerva.
1559 and 1560 - 1565 Pius IV
Giovan Angelo de'Medici, from Milan. Built S Maria degli Angeli. An
assassination attempt in 1564 failed, but the small cut he received
was infected and this weakened him severely. St Charles Borromeus, one
of the greatest saints of the Counter-Reformation, was his nephew.
Buried in S Maria degli Angeli.
1566 - 1572 St Pius V
Antonio (Michele) Ghislieri OP, from Bosco (Alexandria). Built S
Domenico e Sisto. Commissioned Daniele da Volterra to paint clothes on
the figures in Michelangelo's Judgement Day in the Cappella Sistina.
Buried in S Maria Maggiore . Beatified in April 1672, canonized in May
1712. Memoria 30 April.
1572 - 1585 Gregory XII
Ugo Boncompagni, from Bologna. Introduced the Gregorian calendar.
Built the Oratorio di S Filippo Neri. Built S Atanasio and S Maria dei
Monti. Commissioned frescoes for S Stefano Rotondo al Celio . Restored
S Lorenzo in Panisperna. The catacombs were rediscovered during his
pontificate, and he worked to make them accessible for the faithful.
Forced the Roman Jews to hear Christian sermons in S Angelo in
Pescheria. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
1585 - 1590 Sixtus V
Felice Peretti, from Grottamare. Had the obelisk at Piazza S Pietro
moved to its present location. Demolished the old Lateran Palace.
Started replanning the streets in Rome. The construction of broad
streets linking the pilgrim churches was part of the project. Set up
residence in the Quirinal palace. Buried at S Maria Maggiore ; his
heart and viscera is in SS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1590 Urban VII
Giambattista Castagna, from Rome. Fell ill with malaria the day after
the election, and died only 12 days later. Buried in S Maria sopra
Minerva; his heart and viscera is in SS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1590 - 1591 Gregory XIV
Niccolò Sfondrati, from Cremona. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano ; his
heart and viscera is in SS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1591 Innocent IX
Giovan Antonio Facchinetti, from Bologna. Buried in S Pietro in
Vaticano ; his heart and viscera is in SS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1592 - 1605 Clement VIII
Ippolito Aldobrandini, from Florence. Founded S Bernardio da Siena ai
Monti. Rebuilt S Cesareo in Palatio. Buried in S Maria Maggiore ; his
heart and viscera is in SSS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1605 Leo XI
Alessandro de'Medici, from Florence. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano ;
his heart and viscera is in SS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1605 - 1621 Paul V
Camillo Borghese, from Rome. Built the aqueduct from Lake Bracciano.
Buried in S Maria Maggiore ; his heart and viscera is in SS Vincenzo e
Anastasio.
1621 - 1623 Greogry XV
Alessandro Ludovisi, from Bologna. Built S Ignazio and canonized St
Ignatius of Loyola. Buried in S Ignazio; his heart and viscera is in
SS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1623 - 1644 Urban VIII
Maffeo Barberini, from Florence. Rebuilt S Bibiana and S Sebastiano al
Palatino. Restored S Maria ad Martyres (Pantheon) and S Anastasia.
Ordered Bernini's canopy for the high altar at S Pietro in Vaticano .
Strengthened Rome's defences. Buried at S Pietro in Vaticano ; his
heart and viscera is in SS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1644 - 1655 Innocent X
Giovanni Battista Pamphilii, from Rome. Rebuilt S Agnese in Agone.
Restored S Giovanni in Laterano . Buried at S Agnese in Agone; his
heart and viscera is in SS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1655 - 1667 Alexander VII
Fabio Chigi, from Siena. Restored S Maria della Pace and S Maria ad
Martyres (Pantheon). Rebuilt S Maria in Campitelli. Redecorated S
Maria del Popolo.
Buried at S Pietro in Vaticano ; his heart and viscera is in SSS
Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1667 - 1669 Clement IX
Giulio Rospigliosi, from Pistoia. Prohibited private excavations in
the catacombs. Buried at S Maria Maggiore ; his heart and viscera is
in SSS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1670 - 1676 Clement X
Emilio Altieri, from Rome. Buried in S Maria sopra Minerva; his heart
and viscera is in Buried in S Maria sopra Minerva; his heart and
viscera is in SSS Vincenzo e Anastasio
1676 - 1689 Bl. Innocent XI
Benedetto Odescalchi, from Como. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano ; his
heart and viscera is in SSS Vincenzo e Anastasio. Beatified in October
1956.
1689 - 1691 Alexander VIII
Pietro Ottoboni, from Venice. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano ; his
heart and viscera is in SSS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1691 - 1700 Innocent XII
Antonio Maria Pignatelli, from Spinazzola. Born March 1615. Founded S
Andrea Apostolo. Bishop of Lecce and Prefect if the Papal Household.
Created cardinal by Pope Innocent XI in September 1681. Titular priest
of S Pancrazio. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano ; his heart and viscera
is in SSS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1700 - 1721 Clement XI
Giovanni Francesco Albani, from Urbino. Restored S Apostoli, S Brigida
and S Maria ad Martyres (Pantheon). Rebuilt S Teodoro. Buried at S
Pietro in Vaticano ; his heart and viscera are in SS Vincenzo e
Anastasio.
1721 - 1724 Innocent XIII
Michelangelo dei Conti, from Rome. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano ;
his heart and viscera are in SS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1724 - 1730 Benedict XIII
Pietro Francesco O.P. (Vincenzo Maria) Orsini, from Gravina.
Rebuilt S Ivo alla Sapienza, S Maria della Pietà and S Maria della
Quercia. Restructured the complex around S Sisto Vecchio. Buried in S
Maria sopra Minerva; his heart and viscera are in SS Vincenzo e
Anastasio.
1730 - 1740 Clement XII
Lorenzo Corsini, from Florence. Built the Trevi Fountain. Buried at S
Giovanni in Laterano ; his heart and viscera are in SS Vincenzo e
Anastasio.
1740 - 1758 Benedict XIV
Prospero Lambertini, from Bologna. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano ;
his heart and viscera are in SS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1758 - 1769 Clement XIII
Carlo Rezzonico, from Venice. His heart and viscera are in SS Vincenzo
e Anastasio.
1769 - 1774 Clement XIV
Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio (Lorenzo) Ganganelli, from S. Arcangelo
(Rimini). Ordered the suppression of the Jesuit Order. Buried at S
Apostoli; his heart and viscera is in SS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1775 - 1799 Pius VI
Giannangelo Braschi, from Cesena. Taken prisoner by the French in
1798, died in captivity in France the next year.
1800 - 1823 Pius VII
Barnaba (Gregorio) Chiaramonti, from Cesena. Restored S Maria ad
Martyres (Pantheon). Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano ; his heart and
viscera are in SS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1823 - 1829 Leo XII
Annibale della Genga, from Genga (Fabriano). Created cardinal by Pope
Pius VII on 8 March 1816. Cardinal bishop of Frascati. Buried in S
Pietro in Vaticano ; his heart and viscera are in SS Vincenzo e
Anastasio.
1829 - 1830 Pius VIII
Francesco Saviero Castiglioni, from Cingoli. Created cardinal by Pope
Pius VII on 8 March 1816. His heart and viscera are in SS Vincenzo e
Anastasio.
1831 - 1846 Gregory XVI
Bartolomeo Alberto (Mauro) Cappellari, from Belluno. Re-consecrated
the high altar at S Paolo fuori le mura . His heart and viscera are in
SSS Vincenzo e Anastasio.
1846 - 1878 Bl. Pius IX
Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, from Senigallia. Created cardinal by
Pope Gregory XVI on 23 December 1839. Reserved in pectore until 14
December 1840. Restored S Agnese fuori le mura and S Maria ad Martyres
(Pantheon). Buried at S Lorenzo fuori le Mura; his heart and viscera
are in SS Vincenzo e Anastasio. Beatified in September 2000.
1878 - 1903 Leo XIII
Giacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci, from Carpineto (Anagni).
Created cardinal by Pope Bl. Pius IX on 19 December 1853. Buried in S
Giovanni in Laterano.
1903 - 1914 St Pius X
Giuseppe Melchior Sarto, from Riese. Created cardinal by Pope Leo XIII
on 12 June 1893. Buried at S Pietro in Vaticano . Beatified in June
1951, canonized May 1954.
1914 - 1922 Benedixt XV
Giacomo della Chiesa, from Genua. Archbishop of Bologna. Created
cardinal by Pope St Pius X on 25 May 1914. Founded SS Angeli Custodi.
1922 - 1939 Pius XI
Achille Ratti, from Desio (Milan). Created cardinal by Pope Benedict
XV on 13 June 1021. Signed the Lateran Treaty, establishing the
Vatican as an independent state. Founded S Roberto Bellarmino.
1939 - 1958 Pius XII Eugenio Pacelli, from Rome. Created cardinal by
Pope Pius XI on 16 December 1929. Built S Eugenio Buried at S Pietro
in Vaticano .
1958 - 1963 Bl. John XXIII Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, from Sotto il
Monte (Bergamo). Created cardinal by Pope Pius XII on 12 January 1953.
Founded S Valentino al Villagio Olimpico. Buried at S Pietro in
Vaticano . Beatified in September 2000.
1963 - 1978 Paul VI Giovanni Battista Montini, from Concesio
(Brescia). Created cardinal by Pope Bl. John XXIII on 15 December
1958. Buried in S Pietro in Vaticano .
1978 John Paul I Albino Luciano, from Forno di Canale (Belluno).
Created cardinal by Pope Paul VI on 5 March 1973. Buried in S Pietro
in Vaticano .
1978 - John Paul II -- Karol Wojtyla, from Wadowice (Kraków, Poland).
Created cardinal by Pope Paul VI on 26 June 1967. The first
non-Italian pope since Adrian VI (1522-1523).
2005 -- Pope Benedict XVI -- Born Joseph Alois Ratzinger (April 16,
1927) is the 265th and reigning Pope.. He was elected on April 19,
2005 in a papal conclave, celebrated his Papal Inauguration Mass on
April 24, 2005, and took possession of his cathedral, the Basilica of
St. John Lateran, on May 7, 2005.
(cc) L'Osservatore Romano
<
WORLDWIDE NEWS AGENCIES
Associated Press AP
African Eye News Service
Agence France Presse
APTN
Bloomberg
Cable News Network
EFE News
Indo Asian News Service
Iran Press Service
Iranian Students News Agency (ISNA)
Iraq Press
IRIN News
Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA)
Inter Press Service
Itar-Tass -- Russia
Latin American Press
Middle East News Agency
Pravda -- Russian News and Analysis
Prima News Agency
Reuters
Television News Archive
United Nations News Wire Service
United Press International UPI
Xinhua News Agency -- China
==========
Agence France Press, AFP
Agencia EFE, EFE
Agencia Estado
Agencia Lusa
Agency Telegraphique Belge De Press, AGNECE BELGA
Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata, ANSA
Agenzia Giornalistica Italia, AGI
Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau, ANP
Albanian Telegraphic Agency, ATA
Alternativna Informativna Mreza, AIM
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Armanian News Agency, NOYAN TAPAN
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Athens News Agency, APE
ATH news agency - Kharkov, Ukraine
Atlantic News Service
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Baltic News Service, BNS
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Bulgarian Telegraph Agency, BTA
Canadian Press, CP
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China News Service
COMPASS Media, Inc.
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Prensa Latina
Press association
Prime-TASS Economic News Agency
Reuters
Russian Information Agency, Ria "Novosti"
Schweizerische Depeschen Agentur, SDA
Serbian Press Agency, SRNA
Slovene Press Agency, STA
SNARK News Agency
Suomen Tietotoimisto
Tanjug News Agency
Telegrafnoye Agnetstvo Sovietskogo Snyuza, TASS
Tidningranas Talegrambyra, TT
Tlacova agentura Slovenskej republiky, TASR
Vietnam News Agency
Yemen News Agency, SABA
Yonhap News Agency
Xinhua News Agency
WORLD'S LARGEST NEWSPAPERS
Rank Country Circulation
1. Yomiuri Shimbun (Japan) 14,532,694
2. Asahi Shimbun (Japan) 12,601,375
3. Sichuan Ribao (China) 8,000,000
4. Mainichi Shimbun (Japan) 5,845,857
5. Bild (Germany) 5,674,400
6. Chunichi Shimbun (Japan) 4,323,144
7. Sun (England) 3,718,354
8. Renmin Ribao (China) 3,000,000
9. Sankei Shimbun (Japan) 2,890,835
10. Nihon Keizai Shimbun Japan 2,705,877
11. Gongren Ribao (China) 2,500,000
12. Daily Mail (England) 2,387,867
13. Daily Mirror (England) 2,339,001
14. Chosun Ilbo (South Korea) 2,225,000
15. Dong-A Ilbo (South Korea) 2,150,000
16. Hokkaido Shimbun (Japan) 1,962,666
17. Eleftherotypia (Greece) 1,858,316
18. Xin Min Wan Bao (China) 1,750,000
19. Wall Street Journal (U.S.) 1,740,450
20. Yangcheng Wanbao China 1,730,000
21. Kerala Kaumudi (India) 1,720,000
22. Wen Hui Bao Daily (China 1,700,000
23. USA Today (United States) 1,653,428
24. Joong-Ang Ilbo (S. Korea) 1,550,000
25. Economic Daily (China) 1,500,000
26. Rodong Sinmun (N. Korea) 1,500,000
27. Kyung-Hyang Daily News 1,478,537
28. Sports Nippon (Japan) 1,452,699
29. Shizuoka Shimbun (Japan)) 1,442,310
30. Sankei Sports (Japan) 1,367,734
31. Deutche Allgemeine Germ 1,313,400
32. United Daily News (Taiwan ) 1,300,000
33. China Times (Taiwan) 1,270,000
34. O Estado de Sao Paulo Brazil) 1,230,160
35. Jang Daily (Pakistan) 1,200,000
36. Jang Lahore (Pakistan) 1,200,000
37. Akhbar El Yom/Al Akhbar (Egypt) 1,159,339
38. Hankook Ilbo (South Korea) 1,156,000
39. Hochi Shimbun (Japan) 1,119,031
40. Daily Express (England) 1,118,981
41. Los Angeles Times (U.S.) 1,067,540
42. New York Times (U>S) 1,066,540
43. Tokyo Shimbun (Japan 1,062,080
44. Daily Telegraph (England) 1,047,861
45. Nishinippon Shimbun Japan 1,041,104
46. Jiefang Ribao (China) 1,000,000
47. Nanfang Ribao (China) 1,000,000
48. Nongmin Ribao (China) 1,000,000
49. Zhongguo Qingnian Ribao (China) 1,000,000
50. Nikkan Sports (Japan) 984,058
51. Al Akhbar (Egypt) 980,000
52. Guangming Ribao (China) 950,000
53. Al Ahram (Egypt) 900,000
54. Al Goumhouriya (Egypt) 900,000
55. Seoul Shinmun (S. Korea) 900,000
56. Xin Hua Ribao (China) 900,000
57. Verdens Gang (Norway) 870,267
58. Corriere della Sera (Italy) 868,266
59. Kyoto Shimbun (Japan) 839,499
60. Chugoku Shimbun (Japan) 820,000
61 Kobe Shimbun Japan 820,000
62. Times of India (India) 813,000
63. Kobe Shimbun (Japan) 810,353
64. Beijing Wanbao (China) 800,000
65. Hubei Ribao (China) 800,000
66. Jiefangjun Ribao (China) 800,000
67. Trybuna Slaska (Poland) 800,000
68. La Gazzetta dello Sport Italy 798,243
69. Ouest-France (France) 790,133
70. Holos Ukrainy (Ukraine) 768,000
71. The Times (England) 766,999
72. ABC (Spain) 765,668
73. Washington Post (U.SSS>) 759,122
74. La Repubblica (Italy) 754,930
75. De Telegraf (Netherlands) 751,400
76. Gazeta Wyborcza (Poland) 750,000
77. Zero Hora (Brazil) 727,188
78. Diario dos Campos (Brazil) 725,000
79. New York Daily News (U.S.) 723,143
80. Sabah (Turkey) 722,950
81. Jornal da Tarde (Brazil) 709,793
82. Beijing Ribao (China) 700,000
83. Chongqing Ribao (China) 700,000
84. Clarin (Argentina) 700,000
85. Thai Rath (Thailand 700,000
86. Zhejiang Ribao (China) 700,000
87. Diario Insular (Portugal) 684,143
88. Granma Internacional (Cuba) 675,000
89. Chicago Tribune (U.S>) 673,508
90. Daily Record (Scotland) 671,267
91. China Daily News (Taiwan) 670,000
92. The Daily Star (England) 650,406
93. Guangxi Ribao (China) 650,000
94. Malayala Manorama (India) 630,068
95. La Nacion (Argentina) 630,000
96. Hurriyet (Turkey) 615,579
97. Herald Sun (Australia) 600,000
98. Hurriyet (Pakistan) 600,000
99. Liaoning Ribao (China) 600,000
100. Oriental Daily News (Hong Kong) 600,000
<
100 LARGEST U. S. NEWSPAPERS
Rank Circulation
1. USA Today (Arlington, Va.) 2,154,539
2. Wall Street Journal (NY N.Y.) 2,091,062
3. Times (New York, N.Y.) 1,118,565
4. Times (Los Angeles) 914,584
5. Post (Washington, DC) 732,872
6. Daily News (New York, N.Y.) 729,124
7. Tribune (Chicago) 680,879
8. Post (New York, N.Y.) 652,426
9. Newsday (Long Island, N.Y.) 580,069
10. Chronicle (Houston) 553,018
11. Chronicle (San Francisco) 512,640
12. Morning News (Dallas) 510,133
13. Sun-Times (Chicago) 481,798
14 Globe (Boston) 450,538
15. Arizona Republic (Phoenix) 432,284
16. Star-Ledger (Newark, N.J.) 408,672
17. Star Tribune (Minneapolis) 380,354
18. Inquirer (Philadelphia) 376,493
19. Journal-Constitution (Atlanta) 371,853
20. Plain Dealer (Cleveland) 365,288
21. Free Press (Detroit) 352,714
22. Oregonian (Portland) 342,789
23. Times (St. Petersburg, Fla.) 334,742
24. Union-Tribune (San Diego) 328,531
25. Herald (Miami) 315,850
26. Register Orange County CA 302,864
27. Sun (Baltimore) 301,186
28. Bee (Sacramento, Calif.) 289,905
29. Post (Denver) 288,937
30. Rocky Mtn. News Denver 288,889
31. Post-Dispatch (St. Louis) 285,869
32. Mercury News San Jose CA 271,997
33. Star (Kansas City, Mo.) 267,273
34. Sentinel (Orlando, Fla.) 257,222
35. Times-Picayune N Orleans 253,610
36. Dispatch (Columbus, Ohio) 252,564
37. Star (Indianapolis) 249,891
38. Journal Sentinel Milwaukee 244,288
39. Post-Gazette Pittsburgh Pa 242,546
40. Herald (Boston) 241,457
41. Sun-Sentinel (Ft L'dale, Fla ) 233,634
42. Times (Seattle) 231,505
43. News (Detroit) 227,392
44. Observer (Charlotte, N.C.) 226,849
45. Tribune (Tampa, Fla.) 224,220
46. Express-News S Antonio Tx 222,536
47. Investor's Business Daily LA 215,788
48. Star-Telegram Ft Worth, TX) 215,452
49. Courier-Journal L'ville Ky 213,176
50. News (Buffalo, N.Y.) 207,989
51. Daily Oklahoman Okla City 207,538
52. Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, Va.) 201,141
53. World-Herald Omaha Neb. 192,075
54. Pioneer Press(St Pau, Minn 190,392
55. Times-Dispatch Richmond 188,540
56. Courant (Hartford, Conn.) 185,570
57. Press-Enterprise R'side CA 183,974
58. Democrat-Gazette (L'l Rock 183,343
59. American-Statesman Austin 183,312
60. Contra Costa Times (Calif.) 182,541
61. Enquirer (Cincinnati) 182,176
62. Record (Bergen County, N.J.) 179,270
63. Daily News (Los Angeles) 178,360
64. Democrat (Rochester, N.Y.) 173,900
65. Tennessean (Nashville) 172,149
66. Post (W. Palm Beach, Fla.) 168,147
67. Times-Union (Jacksonville, Fla) 167,851
68. Journal (Providence, R.I.) 167,609
69. Asbury Park Press (N.J.) 167,284
70. News & Observer (Raleigh NC) 163,769
71. Review-Journal (Las Vegas) 160,391
72. Bee (Fresno, Calif.) 158,651
73. Commercial Appeal (Memphis) 157,820
74. Register (Des Moines, Iowa) 150,851
75. Post-Intelligencer (Seattle) 150,851
76. Daily Herald (Chicago) 150,364
77. News (Birmingham, Ala.) 148,938
78. Daily News (Philadelphia) 143,631
79. Journal News Westchester NY) 142,873
80. Advertiser (Honolulu) 142,025
81. Blade (Toledo, Ohio) 139,520
82. World (Tulsa, Okla.) 139,383
83. Press (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 138,620
84. Tribune (Salt Lake City) 134,985
85. Beacon Journal (Akron, Ohio) 128,511
86. News Tribune (Tacoma, Wash.) 128,511
87. Daily News (Dayton, Ohio) 126,642
88. La Opinion (Los Angeles, Calif.) 124,692
89. Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) 120,701
90. Tribune-Review (Greensburg Pa) 119,646
91. News Journal (Wilmington, Del.) 116,398
92. News-Sentinel (Knoxville, Tenn.) 114,593
93. State (Columbia, S.C.) 114,442
94. Morning Call (Allentown, Pa.) 111,594
95. Journal (Albuquerque) 109,693
96. Herald-Leader (Lexington, Ky.) 106,941
97. Herald-Tribune (Sarasota, Fla.) 105,636
98. News-Journal (Daytona Fla.) 104,654
99. Telegram (Worcester MA) 102,592
100. Times (Washington, DC) 102,255