Biological Warfare and the National Security State A Chronology
By Tom Burghardt
URL of this article:www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=14708
Global Research, August 9, 2009 Antifascist Calling...
The history of bioweapons research in the United States is a history
of illicit--and illegal--human experiments.
From the Cold War to the War on Terror, successive American
administrations have turned a blind eye on dubious research rightly
characterized as having "a little of the Buchenwald touch."
While the phrase may have come from the files of the Atomic Energy
Commission as Pulitzer prize-winning journalist Eileen Welsome
revealed in her 1999 book, The Plutonium Files, an investigation
into secret American medical experiments at the dawn of the nuclear
age, it is as relevant today as the United States pours billions
of dollars into work on some of the most dangerous pathogens known
to exist in nature.
That Cold War securocrats were more than a little concerned with a
comparison to unethical Nazi experiments is hardly surprising. After
all, with the defeat of the Axis powers came the triumphalist
myth-making that America had fought a "good war" and had liberated
humanity from the scourge of fascist barbarism.
Never mind that many of America's leading corporations, from General
Motors to IBM and from Standard Oil to Chase National Bank, were
sympathizers and active collaborators with the Third Reich prior
to and even during World War II, as documented by investigative
journalists Charles Higham in Trading With The Enemy, and Edwin
Black in IBM and the Holocaust. Like much else in American history,
these were dirty little secrets best left alone.
Soon enough however, these erstwhile democrats would come to view
themselves as mandarins of a new, expanding American Empire for
whom everything was permitted. In this context, the recruitment of
top German and Japanese scientists who had conducted grisly "medical"
experiments whilst waging biological war against China and the
Soviet Union would be free of any moralizing or political wavering.
As the Cold War grew hotter and hotter, America's political leadership
viewed "former" Nazis and the architects of Japan's Imperial project
not as war criminals but allies in a new undertaking: the global
roll-back of socialism and the destruction of the Soviet Union by
any means necessary.
This tradition is alive and well in 21st century America. With the
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and subsequent anthrax mailings
as a pretext for an aggressive militarist posture, the national
security state is ramping-up research for the production of
genetically-modified organisms for deployment as new, frightening
weapons of war.
According to congressional testimony by Dr. Alan M. Pearson, Director
of the Biological and Chemical Weapons Control Program at the
Washington D.C.-based Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation,
with very little in the way of effective oversight or accountability,
tens of billions of dollars "have been appropriated for bioweapons-related
research and development activities."
Pearson reveals that approximately $1.7 billion "has been appropriated
for the construction on new high containment facilities for
bioweapons-related research."
By high containment facilities I mean facilities that are designed
for work with agents that may cause serious or potentially lethal
disease through exposure to aerosols (called Biosafety Level 3 or
BSL-3 facilities) and facilities that are designed for work with
agents that pose a "high individual risk of life-threatening disease,
which may be transmitted via the aerosol route and for which there
is no available vaccine or therapy" (called Biosafety Level 4 or
BSL-4 facilities).
Prior to 2002, there were three significant BSL-4 facilities in the
United States. Today twelve are in operation, under construction,
or in the planning stage. When completed, there will be in excess
of 150,000 square feet of BSL-4 laboratory space (as much space as
three football fields). The number of BSL-3 labs is also clearly
growing, but ascertaining the amount of growth is difficult in the
absence of accurate baseline information. There are at least 600
such facilities in the US. (Alan M. Pearson, Testimony, "Germs,
Viruses, and Secrets: The Silent Proliferation of Bio-Laboratories
in the United States," House Energy and Commerce Committee,
Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, October 2007)
Chillingly, one consequence of this metastatic growth "is that the
very labs designed to protect against bioweapons may become a source
for them." As the 2001 anthrax attacks amply demonstrated, the
threat posed by a biological weapons' incident may be closer to
home than any of us care to think. Pearson writes, "Nor should we
ignore the possibility that a US biologist may become disgruntled
or turn rogue while working in one of these labs."
According to Edward Hammond, the Director of the now-defunct Sunshine
Project, while "biological arms control is currently in ... its
worst crisis since the signing of the Bioweapons Convention (BWC)
in 1972," the American Bioweapons-Industrial Complex has "embarked
on the exploitation of biotechnology for weapons development."
Indeed, Hammond relates that active programs utilizing genetic
engineering techniques have "been employed in offensive biowarfare
programs in order to make biowarfare agents more effective."
But increases in state subsidies for such work have generated new
risks to the public. A recent Government Accountability Office (GAO)
report faulted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
for lax security at three of the nation's five BSL-4 labs currently
in operation that "handle the world's most dangerous agents and
toxins that cause incurable and deadly diseases."
Agents such as Ebola, Marburg and smallpox are routinely studied
at these facilities. And yet, as GAO auditors found,
Select agent regulations do not mandate that specific perimeter
security controls be present at BSL-4 labs, resulting in a significant
difference in perimeter security between the nation's five labs.
According to the regulations, each lab must implement a security
plan that is sufficient to safeguard select agents against unauthorized
access, theft, loss, or release.
However, there are no specific perimeter security controls that
must be in place at every BSL-4 lab. While three labs had all or
nearly all of the key security controls we assessed, our September
2008 report demonstrated that two labs had a significant lack of
these controls. (Government Accountability Office, Biosafety
Laboratories: BSL-4 Laboratories Improved Perimeter Security Despite
Limited Action by CDC, GAO-09-851, July 2009)
As Global Security Newswire revealed in June, a "recently completed
inventory at a major U.S. Army biodefense facility found nearly
10,000 more vials of potentially lethal pathogens than were known
to be stored at the site."
The 9,220 samples--which included the bacterial agents that cause
plague, anthrax and tularemia; Venezuelan, Eastern and Western
equine encephalitis viruses; Rift valley fever virus; Junin virus;
Ebola virus; and botulinum neurotoxins--were found during a four-month
inventory at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious
Diseases at Fort Detrick, Md., according to Col. Mark Kortepeter,
the center's deputy commander. (Martin Matishak, "Thousands of
Uncounted Disease Samples Found at Army Biodefense Lab," Global
Security Newswire, June 18, 2009)
The GSN report states that while "half of the newfound material was
destroyed after being recorded," inventory control officer Sam Edwin
told reporters that "the other half was deemed worthy for further
scientific use, cataloged, and stored in the center's containment
freezers."
More pertinently, what happens when the state itself turns "rogue"
and under cover of national security and the endless "war on terror"
creates the "acute risk" in the form of out-of-control laboratories
"designed to protect against bioweapons" that instead, have "become
a source for them"?
Bioweapons and National Security: A Chronology
Source Notes: This chronology has drawn from dozens of books,
articles and declassified government documents in its preparation.
Notable in this regard is Michael Christopher Carroll's Lab 257:
The Disturbing Story of the Government's Secret Germ Laboratory;
Linda Hunt, Secret Agenda; Bob Coen and Eric Nadler, Dead Silence:
Fear and Terror on the Anthrax Trail; the National Security Archive's
documentary history of U.S. Biological Warfare programs and The
Sunshine Project.
* August 1945: Operation Paperclip, an Office of Strategic Services
(OSS) program to import top Nazi scientists into the United States.
Linda Hunt relates in her book, Secret Agenda, that Reich Health
Leader (Reichsgesundheitsf|hrer) Dr. Kurt Blome, was saved from the
gallows due to American intervention. Blome admitted he had worked
on Nazi bacteriological warfare projects and had experimented on
concentration camp prisoners with bubonic plague and sarin gas at
Auschwitz. After his acquittal at the 1947 Nuremberg Doctors' Trial,
Blome was recruited by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps and advised the
Pentagon on biological warfare. Walter Paul Emil Schreiber, a
Wehrmacht general who assigned doctors to experiment on concentration
camp prisoners and disbursed state funds for such experiments was
another Paperclip recruit; in 1951, Schreiber went to work for the
U.S. Air Force School of Medicine. Hubertus Strughold, the so-called
"father of space medicine"
discussed--and carried out--experiments on Dachau inmates who were
tortured and killed; Strughold worked for the U.S. Air Force. Erich
Traub, a rabid Nazi and the former chief of Heinrich Himmler's Insel
Riems, the Nazi state's secret biological warfare research facility
defects to the United States.
Traub was brought to the U.S. by Paperclip operatives and worked
at the Naval Medical Research Institute and gave "operational advice"
to the CIA and the biowarriors at Ft. Detrick.
* September 1945: General Shiro Ishii's Unit 731, a secret research
group that organized Japan's chemical and biological warfare programs
is granted "amnesty" by Supreme Allied Commander in the Pacific,
General Douglas MacArthur in exchange for providing America with
their voluminous files on biological warfare. All mention of Unit
731 is expunged from the record of The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal.
During the war, Unit 731 conducted grisly experiments, including
the vivisection of live prisoners, and carried out germ attacks on
Chinese civilians and prisoners of war. According to researcher
Sheldon H. Harris in Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare
1932-45 and the American Cover-Up, Unit 731 scientists performed
tests on prisoners with plague, cholera, smallpox, botulism and
other infectious diseases. Their work led to the development of
what was called a defoliation bacilli bomb and a flea bomb used by
the Imperial Army to spread bubonic plague across unoccupied areas
of China. The deployment of these lethal munitions provided the
Imperial Army with the ability to launch devastating biological
attacks, infecting agriculture, reservoirs, wells and populated
areas with anthrax, plague-infected fleas, typhoid, dysentery and
cholera. Rather than being prosecuted as war criminals, Unit 731
alumni became top bioweapons researchers. Ishii himself became an
adviser at USAMRIID at Ft. Detrick.
1950: A U.S. Navy ship equipped with spray devices supplied by Ft.
Detrick, sprayed serratia marcescens across the San Francisco Bay
Area while the ship plied Bay waters. Supposedly a non-pathogenic
microorganism, twelve mostly elderly victims die.
* Early 1950s: Army biological weapons research begins at the Plum
Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC). Vials of anthrax are transferred
from Ft.
Detrick to Plum Island. This information is contained in a now
declassified report, "Biological Warfare Operations," Research and
Development Annual Technical Progress Report, Department of the
Army, 1951.
* 1951: Racist experiments are carried out. U.S. Army researchers
deliberately expose African-Americans to the fungus Aspergillus
fumigatus to discern whether they are more susceptible to infections
caused by such organisms than white Europeans. Also in 1951, black
workers at the Norfolk Supply Center in Virginia were exposed to
crates contaminated with A. fumigatus spores.
* 1952: According to 1977 hearings by the Senate Select Committee
on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific
Research into Project MKULTRA, we discover the following: "Under
an agreement reached with the Army in 1952, the Special Operations
Division (SOD) at Fort Detrick was to assist CIA in developing,
testing, and maintaining biological agents and delivery systems.
By this agreement, CIA acquired the knowledge, skill, and facilities
of the Army to develop biological weapons suited for CIA use."
* 1953: Frank Olson, a chemist with the Army's top secret Special
Operations Division at Ft. Detrick was involved with biological
weapons research and was tasked to the CIA for work on MKULTRA. In
1953, as Deputy Acting Head of Special Operations for the CIA, Olson
is a close associate of psychiatrist William Sargant who was
investigating the use of psychoactive drugs as an interrogation
tool at Britain's Biological Warfare Centre at Porton Down.
After being dosed with LSD without his knowledge by Dr. Sidney
Gottlieb, the Agency's liaison to Ft. Detrick, Olson undergoes a
severe psychological crisis. The scientist begins questioning the
ethics of designing biological organisms as weapons of war. This
does not sit well with his Agency and Army superiors. On November
24, 1953, Olson and a CIA minder, Robert Lashbrook, check into New
York's Staler Hotel. He never checked out. According to Lashbrook,
Olson had thrown himself through the closed shade and window,
plunging 170 feet to his death. But because of his knowledge of CIA
"terminal experiments" and other horrors conducted under MKULTRA,
the Olson family believes the researcher was murdered. When Olson's
son Eric has his father's body exhumed in 1994, the forensic scientist
in charge of the examination determines that Olson had suffered
blunt force trauma to the head prior to his fall through the window;
the evidence is called "rankly and starkly suggestive of homicide."
Norman G. Cournoyer, one of Olson's closet friends at Ft.
Detrick also believes the scientist was murdered. When asked by the
Baltimore Sun in 2004 why Olson was killed, Cournoyer said, "To
shut him up. ... He wasn't sure we should be in germ warfare, at
the end."
* 1955: Following a CIA biowarfare test in Tampa Bay, Florida, the
area experiences a sharp rise in cases of Whooping Cough, including
12 deaths. The Agency had released bacteria it had obtained from
the U.S. Army's Chemical and Biological Warfare Center at the Dugway
Proving Grounds.
* 1956-1958: More racist experiments. The U.S. Army conducted live
field tests on poor African-American communities in Savannah, Georgia
and Avon Park, Florida. Mosquitoes were released into neighborhoods
at ground level by "researchers" or by helicopter; residents were
swarmed by the pest; many developed unknown illnesses and some even
died. After the tests, Army personnel posing as health workers
photographed and tested the victims, then disappeared. While specific
details of the experiments remain classified, it has been theorized
that a strain of Yellow Fever was used to test its efficacy as a
bioweapon.
* 1962: A declassified CIA document obtained by the National Security
Archive relates the following: "In November 1962 Mr. [redacted]
advised Mr. Lyman Kirkpatrick that he had, at one time, been directed
by Mr. Richard Bissell to assume responsibility for a project
involving the assassination of Patrice Lumumba, then Premier,
Republic of Congo. According to Mr. [redacted] poison was to have
been the vehicle as he made reference to having been instructed to
see Dr. Sidney Gottlieb in order to procure the appropriate vehicle."
Gottlieb was the chief scientific adviser for the CIA's MKULTRA
program.
* June 1966: The U.S. Army's Special Operations Division dispenses
Bacillus subtilis var niger throughout the New York City subway
system. More than a million people were exposed when Army operatives
dropped light bulbs filled with the bacteria onto ventilation grates.
* December, 1967: The New York Times reports, "Fatal Virus Found
in Wild Ducks on L.I." A virus never seen before in the Western
hemisphere, began with ducks in Long Island at a site opposite Plum
Island; the virus devastates the area's duck industry and by 1975
has spread across the entire continent.
* 1971: The U.S. Department of Agriculture proclaims that "Plum
Island is considered the safest in the world on virus diseases."
USDA's proof? "There has never been a disease outbreak among the
susceptible animals maintained outside the laboratory since it was
established."
* 1975: PIADC begins feeding live viruses to "hard ticks," including
the Lone Star tick (never seen outside Texas prior to 1975). The
Lone Star tick is a carrier of the Borelia burgdorferi (Bb) bacteria,
the causal agent of Lyme Disease. The first cases of the illness
are reported in Connecticut, directly across from the facility.
Current epidemiological data conclusively demonstrate that the
epicenter of all U.S. Lyme Disease cases is Plum Island.
It is theorized that deer bitten by infected ticks swam across the
narrow waterway separating the island from the mainland.
* September 1978: A PIADC news release relays the following: "Foot
and Mouth Disease has been diagnosed in cattle in a pre-experimental
animal holding facility at the Plum Island Animal Disease Center."
A documented outbreak has occurred.
* 1979: An internal investigation of the FMD incident reveals
massive, widespread failures in the containment systems at PIADC.
A USDA Committee report recommends that "Lab 101 not be considered
as a safe facility in which to do work on exotic disease agents
until corrective action is accomplished."
* 1979: Despite containment failures and poor practices, USAMRIID
undertakes the investigation of the deadly Zagazig 501 strain of
Rift Valley Fever at PIADC. Producing symptoms similar to aerosolized
hemorrhagic fevers such as Marburg and Ebola virus, the Army
inoculates sheep that should have been destroyed as a result of the
FMD outbreak with an experimental Rift Valley Fever vaccine. The
experiments are conducted outdoors, in violation of the lab's primary
directive prohibiting such work. During a 1977 Rift Valley outbreak
in Egypt, some 200,000 people are infected and 700 others die
excruciating deaths. A survey of blood serum taken before 1977
proved that the virus was not present in Egypt prior to the epidemic.
By 2000, rampant outbreaks of the disease have occurred in Saudi
Arabia and Yemen with the virus poised to unfurl its tentacles into
Europe.
* 1982: A Federal review begun after the FMD outbreak concludes:
"We believe there is a potentially dangerous situation and that
without an immediate massive effort to correct deficiencies, a
severe accident could result...
[L]ack of preventive maintenance, [and] pressures by management to
expedite programs have resulted in compromising safety."
* 1983: Six PIADC workers test positive for African Swine Fever
virus. The workers are not notified of the test results which are
conducted clandestinely during routine annual physical exams.
* 1991: USDA privatizes PIADC. A New Jersey firm, Burns & Roe
Services Corporation low bids other competitors and is awarded the
contract. In cost-cutting moves, the contractor scales back on
safety and security measures in place for decades.
* June 1991: An underground cable supplying Lab 257 shorts out but
is not replaced since there is no money left in the budget.
* August 1991: Hurricane Bob, a category 3 storm similar to Hurricane
Katrina, slams into Plum Island, knocking down overhead power lines
that connect Lab 257. The underground cable which was Lab 257's
primary power source has not been repaired. Freezers containing
virus samples defrost, air seals on lab doors are breached and
animal holding room vents fail. PIADC's "fail safe"
mechanism of "air dampers" to seal off the facility also fail.
Melted virus samples mix with infected animal waste on lab floors
as swarms of mosquitoes fill the facility.
* September 1991: The USDA denies that any system failures occurred
during the hurricane. Whistleblowing workers in Lab 257 at the time
of the blackout are fired in further cost-cutting moves and several
subsequently develop mysterious undiagnosed diseases.
* 1992: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cite PIADC with
hundreds of safety violations. When OSHA returned five years later,
none of the violations have been corrected and discover 124 new
violations.
* July 1992: Although USDA officially denies that PIADC conducts
biological warfare research, fourteen officials from the Joint
Chiefs of Staff and the Pentagon visit Plum Island. Internal documents
reveal that that the visit was "to meet with [Plum Island] staff
regarding biological warfare." According to Carroll, "the visitors
were part of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency reviewing the
dual-use capabilities of the facility."
* Spring 1995: Lab 257 is closed. Although scheduled to be fully
decontaminated and demolished in 1996 Carroll reports: "Lab 257
still stands today, rotting from weathered decay, harboring who
knows what deep within."
* August 1999: The first four human cases of West Vile virus, a
mosquito-borne pathogen never diagnosed in North America are diagnosed
on Long Island. Horse farms within a five-mile radius of one another,
directly opposite Plum Island, report horses dying following violent
seizures. An investigation reveals that 25% of the horses in this
small, localized area test positive for West Nile.
The outbreak begins in August 1999 when birds, including half the
exotic bird species in the Bronx Zoo begin dying mysteriously. The
virus has an affinity for birds and the vector is soon identified
as the mosquito. In 1999, the disease was confined to the New York
City area, however by 2002, the Centers for Disease Control reports
all but 6 of the lower 48 states reported West Nile virus in birds,
mosquitos, animals or human populations. CDC estimates that some
200,000 people are infected nationally. During the initial outbreak
in 1999, veterinary pathologist Tracey McNamara suspected a casual
relationship between the bird die-offs and the human cases; CDC
rebuffs her concerns. Through her persistent efforts, it is determined
that the virus was indeed West Nile, a pathogen that had never been
seen in North America. The CDC announces that West Nile virus was
in the nation's blood supply when transplant patients who had no
prior exposure to the pathogen develop the disease. The USDA's
response? Deny, deny, deny? However, Jim House, a former PIADC
scientist, believes that West Nile samples existed prior to 1999
on Plum Island. He told Carroll, "There were samples there, and it
wasn't answered clearly to the public. They didn't honestly tell
how many samples they had and that's when people started to get
upset. When Carroll filed a Freedom of Information Act request for
a catalog of germs held in the Plum Island virus library, he was
turned down on grounds of "national security."
* September 1999: The New York Times reports that due to "the growing
threat of biological terrorism" against America's food supply, USDA
"is seeking money to turn the Plum Island Animal Disease Center ...
into a top security laboratory where some of the most dangerous
diseases known to man or beast can be studied."
* 1999: A Cold War-era document is declassified proving that in the
early 1950s USAMRIID shipped twelve vials of weaponized anthrax
(enough to kill one million people) to PIADC. In 1993 Newsday
revealed that previously unclassified documents demonstrated Pentagon
plans to disrupt the Soviet economy by spreading diseases to kill
pigs, cattle and horses.
* 1999: Plans to "upgrade" PIADC by building a BSL-4 lab are killed
when Congress pulls funding after a public outcry.
* September 2001: After the anthrax attacks, despite USDA denials
that anthrax was ever present on the island, FBI investigators
include the following questions in their polygraph examination of
scientists under investigation:
"Have you ever been to Plum Island?" "Do you know anyone who works
at Plum Island?" "What do they do there?"
* December 2002: The New York Times reports "a three-hour power
failure at the Plum Island Animal Disease Center last weekend renewed
concerns about the safety of the high-security government laboratory."
According to the Times, "the loss of power and failure of all three
backup generators raised fears for the first time that the containment
of infectious pathogens could have been seriously compromised at
the laboratory."
* June 2003: President George W. Bush transfers control of PIADC
to the Department of Homeland Security. The airspace over the island
is unrestricted and the gates leading to Lab 101 remain open and
unguarded.
* May 2004: In a sign that work on Plum Island is being shifted to
"other sites," including those run by private contractors, DHS
announces an $18 million grant to study Rift Valley fever, avian
influenza and brucellosis.
* August 2004: DHS confirmed that an FMD outbreak "had spread
briefly" in "two previously undisclosed incidents earlier this
summer," The New York Times reports. A DHS spokesperson said the
virus remained "within the laboratory's sealed biocontainment area"
and that there "had be no risk" to human or animals. An investigation
into the cause "was continuing."
* 2004: At the Medical University of Ohio, a researcher is infected
with Valley Fever at the center's BSL-3 facility; Valley Fever is
a biological weapons agent.
* February 2005: University of Iowa researchers conduct unauthorized
genetic engineering experiments with the select agent Tularemia
(rabbit fever). The Sunshine Project reports that researchers mixed
genes from Tularemia species and introduced antibiotic resistant
characteristics into the samples.
* March 2005: When a containment facility fails, workers at the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill are exposed to tuberculosis
when the BSL-3 "fail-safe" systems malfunction; a blower pushes
contaminated air out of the work cabinet, infecting the workroom.
The facility had been inspected one month prior to the accident by
U.S. Army.
* Summer 2005: At the same Ohio facility a serious accident occurs
when workers are infected with an aerosol of Valley Fever.
* October-November 2005: Dozens of samples thought to be harmless
are received by the University of California at Berkeley. In fact,
they are samples of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, a BSL-3 bioweapons
agent due to its transmission as an aerosol. The samples are handled
without adequate safety precautions;
however, the community is never notified of the incident.
* August 2005: The whistleblowing watchdog group Tri-Valley Cares
obtains documents in May 2009 proving that the Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory had conducted "restricted experiments" with
"select biological agents" at the facility. In 2005, LLNL "inadvertently"
released anthrax at the lab in another incident that lab officials
attempted to cover-up; five individuals were infected with the
deadly pathogen.
* April 2006: Three Texas A&M "biodefense" researchers are infected
with Q Fever, a biological weapons agent. Rather than reporting the
incident to the CDC as required by law, Texas A&M officials cover-up
the accident.
* August 2006: DHS announces that PIADC is "not on the rebuilding
list" and a new site to study infectious diseases is being considered.
* January 2009: DHS announces that the new National Bio and
Agro-Defense Facility will be built in Manhattan, Kansas.
* July 2009: Government Accountability Office investigators charge
that DHS relied on "a rushed, flawed study" to locate the $700
million research facility for highly infectious pathogens "in a
tornado-prone section of Kansas." Among other concerns, the GAO
cites DHS's "flawed and outdated methodology" in its criticism.
Those concerns are: "the ability of DHS and the federal government
in general to safely operate a biosafety facility such as the
proposed NBAF; the potential for a pathogenic release through
accidents, natural phenomena, and terrorist actions; our May 2008
testimony that concluded that DHS had not conducted or commissioned
a study to determine whether FMD research could be conducted safely
on the U.S. mainland; natural phenomena such as tornadoes, earthquakes,
and hurricanes that could cause catastrophic damage to the NBAF and
result in the release of a pathogen; the possibility that an infected
mosquito vector could escape, allowing a pathogen such as Rift
Valley Fever virus to become permanently established in the United
States; the economic effects of a release or a perceived release
on the local, state, and national livestock industry."
Tom Burghardt is a researcher and activist based in the San Francisco
Bay Area. In addition to publishing in Covert Action Quarterly and
Global Research, his articles can be read on Dissident Voice, The
Intelligence Daily, Pacific Free Press and the whistleblowing website
Wikileaks. He is the editor of Police State America: U.S. Military
"Civil Disturbance" Planning, distributed by AK Press.
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