Big Bertha Thing spider  
Cosmic Ray Series
Possible Real World System Constructs
http://web.onetel.com/~tonylance/spider.html
Access page JPG 11K Image
Astrophysics net ring Access site
Newsgroup Reviews including uk.rec.cycling
 
Drawing of a clockwork spider wheel and hairpin. 

Extract from Introductory Chapter;-
The "Spider tops," which are frequently sold in the streets of London, 
consist of a heavy little disc mounted on a spindle (Fig. XIV.). 
When the disc has been set spinning a small curved piece of 
metal is placed to touch the toe, and at once begins to slide round it, 
first the side (a) in the figure, and then the side (b), 
the motion continuing backwards and forwards till the top comes to rest. 
The fact is that the toe is magnetic, and this being the case it is easy 
to see that the rolling of the toe on the side of the metal produces 
the motion. 

From the book
An Elementary Treatment of the Theory of
Spinning Tops and Gyroscopic Motion.
By Harold Crabtree M.A.
Formerly Scholar of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Assistant Master at Charterhouse
Longmans, Green and Co. 1923
First Edition 1909
Second Edition 1914
New Impression 1923
(C) Copyright Tony Lance 1998
Distribute complete and free of charge to comply. 


Big Bertha Thing fact

Anything but a fact, changes the face of twentieth century science.
1. No iron moons and planetary cores.
2. No red shift measure of speed.
3. No Patrick Moore star at 95% the speed of light.
4. Muons arrive on earth.
5. Relativity is like an imaginary number; useful but not real.
6. Einstein-Haas gives a field strength 1/10000th the electric field.
7. Wave particle duality is a field effect.
8. Schroedinger is an approximation.

Who has the wit to check the fact?

Tony Lance
judemarie@bigberthathing.co.uk


From: Tony Lance <judemarie@bigberthathing.co.uk>
Newsgroups: swnet.sci.astro,sci.chem
Subject: Big Bertha Thing unified
Date: Thu, 15 Feb 2007 14:00:24 +0000


INTRODUCTORY LETTER

One of the first things I did was invent a new kind of clock, a so called perfect clock.
One whose period does not vary with motion. Actually I did not invent it. Its construction
has been known for years but I am the first one to actually use it as a clock, to obtain
scientific results using such a clock. As you know many advancements in science have
accompanied advancements in time keeping. Using such a clock it is possible to obtain
varying velocities for the speed of light. Therefore using such a clock it is possible to
invalidate Einsteins 2nd postulate, that the speed of light is constant. By doing this it
is possible to develop a alternative physics. Unfortunately this physics is almost
identical to Newtonian physics so there are no new developments from this analysis. But it
is a valid Physics not just a approximation. There are two valid physics now Newtonian and
Einsteinian. 

The weakest part of my theory is the first theorem. That time equals motion. This is
because it is a assumed premise. I tried to give it as much justification for it as I
could but I could not prove it. All great theories have to start with a assumed premise.
As far as I know there is no proof for such theorems as "A body in motion remains in
motion..." or for the notion that all motion is relative. You just have to start off with
a assumed premise, that's just the way it is. I feel mine is not too egregious. Therefore
stay with me though this weak part of my work, please do not dismiss it to quickly or out
of hand. It is the results of this premise that give credence to it. 

By beginning with this premise I was able to determine what time is, what motion is, what
space is, how gravity works including how all the forces work, that space and time are
both forms of energy and subject to the laws of particle physics , determine the arrow of
time, determine why the speed of light always appears to us to be constant, unify not only
Newtonian and Einsteinian physics but also relativity and quantum physics and stumble apon
a new law for physics. 

yours truly Sidereus Nuncius 

         RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM PHYSICS


         The unification of
         Quantum
         and relativity theory


by Sidereus Nuncius
From: nhol310053@aol.com (NHol310053)
Newsgroups: alt.sci.physics
Subject: What Time Is (I to IV)
Date: 18 Sep 1999


Contents List:- 
1.Devotion 
2.Dedication 
3.Abstract 
4.Introduction 
5.Theory of Time 
6.Theory of Space 
7.Theory of Motion 
8.Relativistic Quantum Physics 

1. DEVOTION

In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The Earth was without form and
void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the spirit of God moved upon the
face of the waters. Then God said "Let there be light." And there was light. And God saw
the light that it was good. And God divided the light from the darkness. God called the
light day, and the darkness he called night.
So the evening and the morning were the first day. 
-Holy Christian Bible 

Lion of Judah,
God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, Brilliant Morning Star, Lamb of God, King of Kings, Lord
of Lords, Word of God, the All Sovereign, God Almighty, the Great I AM! 
The God of Heaven and Earth. 

Blessed be the name of the Lord who was, who is, and who is to come. Worthy are You O'
Lord to receive honor, glory and blessing because You and You alone have created all
things. By Your will they were created, and have been created and without You nothing that
was created would exist. Before time You laid the foundations of the Earth. The heavens
declare the glory of God; And the firmament shows His Handiwork. The Earth is the Lord's
,and all its fullness. 

Day until day utters speech and night until night reveals knowledge. The word of the Lord
is right, and all His work is done in truth. By the word of the Lord the heavens were made
and all the host of them by the breath of His mouth. The voice of the Lord is powerful,
the voice of the Lord is full of wisdom, Teach me Your ways O'Lord, do not be silent to
me, to the end that my glory may sing praise to you. 
2. DEDICATION
This book must be dedicated to the two blessed patron saints of science Whose generosity
has enabled this endeavor: 

To my mother
and
maternal grandmother. 

Science owes them a great debt. And so do I. 

3. ABSTRACT

THE RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM HYPOTHESES: 

That A L L the phenomena of nature as we know it, i.e., mass, energy, space, time, motion,
etc... are the effects of subatomic particle exchanges. That for each and every physical
manifestation there is a associated particle and for every particle there is a physical
manifestation. All causes are particle causes and without a particle there is neither
cause nor sensation. We only experience what we come directly in contact with. (Action by
contact) Reality, the physical universe, is the sum total of our experience of the
particles we receive. No particle - no experience. We experience particles and that is
all. Subatomic particles are the cause of all are physical experiences and without them we
have no physical experiences. That all experience of phenomenon is quantified the
experience is discrete because the cause is discrete. No particle no experience no
experience no particle. The universe stimulates our senses one particle at a time. 

4. INTRODUCTION

To be able to advance the relativistic quantum hypophysis one thing must be done -
associate with every phenomenon a particle or series of particles. There are several
immediate difficulties here. One, there are as many phenomenons are there are experiences,
millions of them. Which experiences go with which particles or series of particles? Also
all particles are probably not known so any analysis will be incomplete at this time. The
most logical course of action is to create a category of fundamental phenomenon, associate
particles to these and then derive complex phenomenon from a fundamental analysis. 

The most basic fundamental units of physics seem to me to be:
(I) mass
(II) energy
(III) space
(IV) time 

At any rate if the relativistic quantum hypophysis can be demonstrate for these it is a
sufficient start. 
Quantification type theories already exist for matter and energy are well established and
accepted by all. For matter the theory is called Atomic theory or Atomism and was
discovered by Leucippus and Democritus. The theory basically attests to the fact that
matter is little particles. For energy the theory is called Quantification Theory and was
discovered by Max Planks. Energy has the same characteristic as mass of being quantized or
existing as separate particles. Therefore we can pass over both mass and energy in
considering the relativistic quantum hypophysis by granting that the hypophysis has
already been demonstrate for these two quantities. 

Further I feel it is only required that equivalence to either mass or energy be
demonstrate to assume a quantity must exist quantified. By equivalence I mean
transformation either in theory or in practice. By the first law of thermodynamics there
can be no fractions left over for this would mean loss. 

This only leaves space and time to be demonstrated. 

Not only is there no quantum theory of space and time there is no theory whatsoever as to
the cause of their generation. From whence comes space? From whence comes time? There has
never been a adequate theory as to the nature of space and time. As to the properties of
space and time some were discovered and only recently by Einstein. But wherever a property
arises we know some relation, some connection, must exist, IE, physical connection, so
that one quantity, like time, can be depended on another quantity, in this case motion.
Otherwise how is it dependent? Every property must have a cause. (Principle of Cause and
Effect) It should be obvious that these connections require some particle, (action by
contact) or some force (action at a distance) to operate. We presently have no other
option unless it waits to be discovered. 

From such considerations it is possible to develop both a theory of time and a theory of
space. Theories that are homogeneous to quantum physics and a quantum universe. A space
and time that are materials, physical quantities, quantum, quantified, just like mass and
energy. With materialization of space and time it is easy to demonstrate quantum
properties for these materials exactly has been done for the other constituents of the
universe. Time and space become material and quantified. Space particles, time particles!
Then time and space can come under the province of quantum mechanics and elementary
particle physics and obey quantum mechanical laws and the laws of elementary physics like
any other particles. Space or its particles becomes a subject of elementary particle
physics! Time becomes a subject of elementary particle physics! This is a extraordinary
implication in physical science. Once these facts are uncovered a new science unfolds,
almost trivially. The science that I call Relativistic Quantum Physics. 

5. THEORY OF TIME

"Because mathematicians frequently make use of time they ought to have a distinct idea of
what time is, otherwise they are quacks..."
Issac Barrow 

PREFACE 

What is time? What physical influence generates the phenomena of time? Where does time
come from and where is time going? Is it everywhere? Or only in spots? Is it a physical
quantity or merely a psychological manifestation? If it is physical can it be defined? Or
is it too fundamental a notion? 
At first impression time appears to be a simple, reasonable, self explanatory,
uncomplicated and unbelieving notion. But try to analyze time, define it, explain it, and
the simple, reasonable, self explanatory, uncomplicated and unbelieving notion of time
vanishes. 
To quote St. Augustine (354 AD-430 AD) , "What is time? If someone asks me, I know; But
ask me to explain, I know not." Time is such a hard concept to appreciate because time is
a completely abstract quantity, it does not have weight, it can not be felt, it has no
heft, you cannot hold it in your hand, you cannot examine it, there is nothing to
experiment on, nothing to analyze. In short time has no corporal body, it is a wholly
intangible, impalpable medium. Neither does it have a place of existence, it is not up, it
is not down, it is not over, it is not under, it is not here, it is not there, time does
not seem to be anywhere. Time is not in a place, we seem to be in time. Time envelopes us.
Time just seems to be. 
Mass and distance are much more concrete subjects. Mass has weight, it can be felt, it has
heft, you can hold it in your hand, you can examine it, there is something to experiment
on, something to analyze. It has a corporal body, it is a wholly tangible, palpable
medium. It does have a place of existence, it is either here or it is there. Mass can be
directly appreciated. While space cannot be directly experienced as mass can distance can
be seen, we see space, it is all around us, we see the distances between things, every
distance has a place, distances can be marked off, they can be walked; if necessary space
itself can be enclosed in a box and taken from place to place as it were. 
Yet it is neither space nor mass that stimulates our imaginations the most as does time.
Time is the great healer, time marches on, time and tide wait for no man, time is money,
you cannot beat time, time is fleeting, time slips away, time is catching up with
you...For such a ubiquitous concept you would think it would be well defined and the
underlying physical stimulus well comprehended. 

Time is and always has been a critical concept in every branch of learning and in all
human affairs. Time crops up in ventrally every aspect of human thought. There have been
two great schools of thought who have debated the genesis of time, philosophy and science.
Because of the ethereal nature of time time has for along time been the province of
philosophy more than science. Time is incorporeal, immaterial and intangible. Time is a
quite abstract concept. And abstract concepts lend themselves to philosophical debate.
Philosophy has speculated about time from everything that it does not exist, (ignore the
problem and it will go away) to it being a disturbance of the middle ear! Science has done
no better. 

Indeed time was supposed to be only a abstract concept, but the chief reason is that
science has long been almost completely ignorant of time and its genesis Scientist are
split as to what time really is, some of the better speculations being: 

Time is a primitive undefined notion and as such can never be defined. Anymore than mass
or space can be defined, it simply is. Time is the result of the peculiar initial
conditions from which the universe started. It started with high entropy and is
transforming to a condition of low entropy. Time becomes the subjective experience of this
shift from order to randomness. Time (its sensation) is not actually a physical quantity
but a psychological aberration brought on by macroscopic properties of matter. Science has
decided that although not understanding how time operated that it is a dimension and that
it is interlaced with the spacial dimensions. This combination is called space-time. But
space-time is not so much a theory of time as it is a theory of gravitation. Gravity
effects (warps or bends) space and time in equal proportions. It is simpler to handle
these calculations together as one quantity, the space-time manifold. 
There is no adequate theory of time in science. This is the great enigma of time. Everyone
is aware of it, everyone has a deep personal experience of it, yet no one can define it! 

What would appear to be essential to physics would seem to be a theory of time, a
explanation of what time is. It is mandatory that science be able to specify what entities
the universe does contain and what it does not. What the universe is composed of or what
it is not composed of. From ancient times time and space to have existed in a kind of
knowledgeable limbo, neither existing or not existing, intermediate between real and
imaginary. 

TIME MECHANICS 

THE DYNAMICS OF TIME
A MOTION THEORY OF TIME 

To everything there is a season, and a time to every purpose under heaven.
Ecc. 3.1 

OUTLINE 

Thesis: Time is equivalent to motion, motion is a form of energy therefore time is a form
of energy. It directly follows from relativity that of some of the fundamental units that
describe the universe, three are all alternate equivalent manifestations. 

According to empiricism all true knowledge stems from sense perception. Since we have
knowledge of time we must have some real sense perception of time, according to the
rationalist. Every natural effect has a natural cause. If the experience of time is a
natural effect then it should have a natural cause. Thus time should have a natural cause.

MOTION THEORY OF TIME 

What is time? That we have not known. Einstein came closest when he said, "Time is what
clocks measure." Unfortunately the notion of clocks incorporate the fundamental notion of
time so that time really wasnt defined. Such a definition does not state what components
of a clock define time or inform us as to any properties of time. It is too vague. 
I agree with Einstein, time is what clocks measure. So what do clocks measure? Mechanical
time, physical time or clocktime is the time measured by mechanical instruments. All
measuring of time requires comparison to regular occurring phenomena. Time requires some
change to be perceived. Change is motion, therefore time requires some motion to be
perceived. 
There is no independent time. It is all dependent and all comparison. This makes time a
relation. What's the relation then? What is it relative to and what's the connection? Time
is a phenomena, it has corporal extension, in the things to which it relates or within
things themselves. One the other or both. Physical relations are necessarily between
things. State the thing and the rule that governs them and you state the relation.
Therefore we know that time is some thing and some process between those things. 
If time is a thing or a relation between things we should be able to catagorize exactly
what that thing or relation of things is. We should be able to point to it, we should be
able to say, "That is time!" Therefore a theory of time is possible! 
If a phenomena requires a concomitant process always to be perceived and no other
associated process it is only reasonable to assume that the concomitant process is the
primary process and not just a associated process. If time requires motion then motion
defines time and motion is time. If time is relative to motion then it must be connected
to motion in some way. A time that is relative to motion is inseparable from motion. 
Clocks are motion machines. They move. There entire operation consists of there movement.
We translate this movement into a concept of time. A clock is mass in motion. If time is
what clocks measure and clocks are devices that measure motion then time is motion. Since
we measure time by motion a quantity of time becomes a quantity of motion. 
Clocks are not measuring some external dimension they simply move. If we accept that time
is relative to motion then we are obliged to accept that the concept of time is
inseparable from motion. Then time is not a independent dimension that exists somehow
apart from everything. 
Time is motion because it is observed to be such. A quantity can be conceived only from
some relation it bears to sensible objects. Things don't exist in time, time exists in the
motion of things. 
Since at least the time of Newton time has been considered some ethereal unworldly,
immaterial quantity that can be neither isolated nor contained. Since time can be neither
isolated, contained or obtained in practice time has only been a relation to time keeping
devices. The entire modern concept of time is based on the measurement of time. 
Generally in measurements a quantity to be measured is the measure of the same. A quantity
of mass is the measure of the same, a quantity of length is the measure of the same, a
quantity of energy is the measure of the same...All clocks keep time by measuring some
motion. If motion is the measure of time then perhaps a quantity of motion (time) is a
measure of the same (time). This implies that time is motion. 
The analysis can also be reached by this reasoning, there is a inexplicable connection
between change and time. Without change it is impossible to apprehend time. It is even
conceivable that without change time does not exist. So time=change. All change can be
reduced to some kind of motion. Therefore time as change is also reduced to time as
motion. 
In mechanics one concludes that all the processes of nature can be reduced to motions. Why
not time? The time taken for any motion is the period of that motion. Because clocks are
moving devises clocktime is just the comparison of one movement to another. Because of the
motion theory of time time really does not exist. It is just our relation of one motion to
another. 

We apprehend time only when we have marked motion. But not only do we measure time by
motion but we measure motion by time, they define each other. This seems to imply a
equivalence. A clock measures time and it is assumed that time exists without clocks.
Everything that experiences time is a kind of clock and nothing that is not a clock does
not experience time. So every thing is a clock. 
When we say we measure motion by time what we really mean is that we are comparing one
motion to another. So we do not measure motion by time but motion by motion. A quantity of
motion is the measure of the same. There is no way to measure motion except by motion. 
This is actually true for all quantities. A quantity of matter is the measure of the same.
A quantity of energy is the measure of the same. A quantity of space is the measure of the
same. When something stimulates a balance we call it mass, when we can extend a ruler thru
a space we call it distance, when something heats a thermometer we call it energy...That
is we usually measure a thing by a quantity of the same. We measure mass by mass, we
measure distance by distance, we measure heat by heat... 

Now the subject of time measurement is motion. If we measure time by motion it must be
motion. If the quantities we measure with our instruments is to be the subject of our
measurements. Until we can find some other quantity to measure we will have to take time
as motion, defacto. 

If as Einstein said "Time is what clocks measure." What do clocks measure? A clock is a
machine, a device, a instrument, a construction of parts to a certain end. Is time
inherent somehow in the construction? Configuration? That I do not believe because there's
so many variations on clock design. There is nothing within a clock that generates time
and this is consistent with are experience of time as a external quantity. A clock however
as it is configured is nothing, does nothing, measures nothing until it is set in motion,
until a external force is added that sets it into operation. So what clocks measure is not
time but forces and if time is what clocks measure then time is a force or forces! Time is
a force! 

The Time-Motion Equivalence Principle: 
TIME = MOTION. 

Motion theory of time hypophysis; Time is motion. 

FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICS 

What is important from this analysis or any analysis of the operation of any clock is that
time (the measurement) depends on motion. Matter in motion determines both space and time!
Or at least the geometry of space and the chronomitry of time. Motion is the link that
connects space and time. Motion requires both space and time. Unless we could find some
way to define physical space and/or physical time without recourse to motion the two will
be inexplicably connected. This also indicates that motion is not really a derived term
since it is used to set the parameters of fundamental notions. When you start defining
time by motion you make time motion or a kind of motion weather it is truly a motion or
not. But it is no coincidence that time is motion. 

Motion is the concept that connects space and time. It is impossible to conceive of motion
without both space and time. Is space-time a motion? They cannot be separated when
considering motion. If they cannot be separated they must be interrelated. If they are
interconnected there must be a physical interconnection. Since Einstein it has been known
that space and time very with motion. Space and time therefore cannot be independent of
matter in motion. Motion as a physical process must somehow be in physical contact with
space and time. Physical things only make contact with physical things. Therefore space
and time must be physical entities. If a physical connection exists one must wonder what
is the nature of this physical connection? The only (known) common connection between
motion, space and time is gravitation. Gravitation is a field in space, it drives the
motion of bodies and it has been shown to effect time dilation. Gravitation is the common
connection. 
If we measure time by motion by the use of clocks how do we measure motion because we
certainly aren't using time. This means that what we are really doing is making
comparisons of one motion to another. And the concept of time really becomes unnecessary.
In effect we are only comparing one motion to another where the concept of time acts as a
intermediary, essentially a mathematical concept. Time cannot at the same time be measured
by motion and the measure of motion. We cannot take time as a fundamental notion even if
we wanted to because it is impossible to measure time without motion. Motion is the
fundamental notion. 

Under the motion theory of time motion must be taken as a primitive undefined term
replacing time. The expression v=d/t must be taken as a expression of two motions one
compared to the other. Where the motion in the t variable is a standard unit of
motion/time. What you actually have is motion defining itself by the use of clock motion
which is the standard. Therefore it must be admitted that motion is a fundamental
quantity. Really what we call time is really motions and comparisons of motions. When I
see the expression T=D/V I see time being expressed as a mass moving with a velocity thru
a distance. And that is a motion. 
Given a motion such as a vibration in a string, the string will be marked in segments, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5...so that when the vibration reaches a particular segment, segment 1 equals
time one, segment 2 equals time two etc. We see that motions can serve as there own
chronometers. This is our clock. The shape of the string can be described by some equation
say y=f(x) at t=ta. But the reverse is also true that motions define time. Really only the
motion exists. 

We see that the time variable can be omitted. It is not required. This is strong evidence
that time = motion. Time is the number of motion. Time has a number because velocity is a
quantity and quantities have numbers. Every motions numbers can be compared, this is time
a comparison of motions. Time is a motion but it is a rate of motion. Time is a rate. It
becomes a rate when one is compared to another. 

TIME IS A FORM OF ENERGY. 

Because time is motion and motion is a form of energy time is a form of energy. 

T = E 

So we no longer just have E=MC2, not just one relation of one fundamental parameter to
another but we have added another. Now we also know that time is energy. Perhaps this
energy can be harnessed. 

MOTION PROPERTIES OF TIME 

A mechanistic explanation of the properties of time. Many of the properties of time can be
explained in terms of motion. Time becomes a physics of motion which is well understood.
It can be explained wholly in terms of motion, there is no need to recourse to a
hypothetical dimension of time, or the transformation of such a dimension to effect local
time. We do not need any meaning for time apart from motion. If time is motion then all
the properties of motion are properties of time and vis versa. If motion could be stopped
then time could be stopped. And I do not mean relative motion. With the proper technology
objects can be frozen in time. Of course such objects disappear from or plane of view I
believe. 

Time is relative because motions are relative. The relativity of time is just the
relativity of motion. 

PHILOSOPHY AND TIME 

Many notions of physics are not physics. Many of our most basic and core ideas are
notoriously difficult to define. How do things exist? Where did they come from? How do
things change? If things are constantly changing how are they the same things? The same
and yet different? Are things one or are they many? What is substance? What is space? What
is time? What is energy? Many a physicist will tell you that he doesn't have to understand
such concepts he only has to be able to define them. Unfortunate for many physical
concepts they cannot be defined exactly or even roughly. It is not good enough to say "I
cant define them but I know them when I see them." Not if what you are practicing is exact
science. How can you have exact science built on such weak foundations? 

Consider time and space, traditionally two of the most important of concepts of physics.
There has been no true theory of time and/or space. No physical explanations of them.
Having no explanations both have had to reside as metaphysical theories. Really as nothing
more then metaphysical phantoms, primarily apprehension of the mind alone. Not truly
physical and therefore incapable of physical analysis. To me it is intolerable that such
important physical notions should have been disposed of. 

Of course the reason why time and space have remained metaphysical notions is obvious.
Both have the same surreal properties. Both appear to be immaterial. They cannot be
handled, weighed, felt or observed. They appear to be nothings, fictions unreal and
immaterial. As nothings both are uncreatable and indestructible. Both are invisible and
incorporeal. Except to reason to are hardly real, beholding them as if in a dream. One
inalienable property of any thing is that it be, that it occupy space, that it be felt, be
observable. But that which has no mass, no weight, no feeling, no taste, no sound, can it
exist? Can it be? It is impossible to prove time is motion because it is like saying time
is time. Some physical notions are so basic that they can only be accepted by there
shrewdness. 



GRAVITATIONAL TIME DILATION 

THE THERMODYNAMICS OF MOTION AND TIME 

In this section I intend to demonstrate that what we call time is simply a manifestation
of the force of gravity. That is, I will give a definition of time by what causes it and
how it operates. This new explanation of time will itself suggest a alternate theory of
motion. Thus this section is both a treatise on time and a alternate theoretical
development of motion. 

TIME AND THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT 

NEWTONIAN TIME VS. EINSTEINIAN TIME 
ABSOLUTE TIME VS. RELATIVE TIME 

Does the notion of absolute time still exist? Is it still viable? Having completely yoked
time to clocks I find somewhat of a paradox. If you define time by clocks your definition
acquires all the failings of any earthly container, all the weakness of the flesh, all the
foibles of mortality. The flesh is weak. To have a good definition of time you need a good
clock. But what is a good clock? If you have a bad clock a bad definition will almost
certainly result. The idea of good and bad clocks of course is a hold over from Newtons
concept of absolute time. Where every event had a absolutely correct time. A good clock
was a clock that corresponded to that time. While we have abandoned the idea of absolute
time we have remained saddled with the concept of good time. Of course good-time is
nonsense or at least I don't know how to define it. Good and bad time is only consistent
with Newtonian physics not Einsteinian physics. It has been difficult to divorce our
selves from many of these old conceptions. Because we don't even notice that they cling to
us. Human beings are still plagued by the superstitions of the past how much more of
antiquated concepts. There is no good time or bad time or right time or wrong time. 

Of course you will never know the good from the bad, what definition will you use to
choose? Time becomes a contradiction when you base it on judgement. The best we can have
is a agreed upon time. We set our clocks so the velocity of light is c, if we set our
clocks so the velocity of light is c it is inevitable that the velocity of light will
always be c. Is the velocity of light c or do we make it c by the chronomitry of our
clocks? 

All clocks have to be set, they have to be calibrated, they have to be coordinated. What
if we could create a clock that was not effected by motion. So called a perfect clock. For
such a clock one must ask, what are the laws of physics then? What is the velocity of
light? This kind of clock can be constructed. Its period is not relative to motion. It is
simple a mathematical fiction using the Lorenz contraction . Its time will be different
but in sync with a clock in a higher gravitational field. The thing is the clock in the
higher gravitational field will be calibrated so that it reads c for the velocity of
light. The lower clock will read a increased velocity for light. Which is right? So the
velocity of light is not truly constant but variable. 

Physics depends upon the clock you choose. Thus Newtonian physics is correct if you use a
relativistic clock and Einsteinian physics is correct if you use a Newtonian clock. It is
odd that each would require the others kind of clock. They complement each other.
Newtonian time is defined such that it was supposed the speed of light varied, Einsteinian
time has time where the speed of light does not vary. The former problem was that
Newtonians were trying to use a Newtonian clock. Good science, bad clock. Of the two kinds
of clocks which is right? Which is the correct time? Both and neither of course. You might
as well ask, "Which path does the electron take?" 

With such a clock I was able to obtain varying velocities for the speed of light. The
speed of light is not constant. This discovery negated Einsteins second postulate. From
the negation it is possible to construct a anti physics. A contradictory physics. Just as
it was possible to develop contradictory geometies by negating the fifth postulate so too
can we negate Einstiens second postulate, the constancy of velocity of light. You can
either derive relative time, relative mass, relative distance from the absolute motion of
light or you can derive absolute time, absolute mass, and absolute distance from the
relative motion of light with neither being right or wrong so it is possible to construct
various scientific paradigms with neither being right or wrong! If you find such things
interesting. 

Given two clocks in a gravitational field at rest of identical construction if you drop
one it will remain synchronized with the stationary clock for as long as it falls. That
is, They will remain in phase (simultaneity-clocks are simultaneous or in phase if they
appear to pulse at the same rate from boths frame of reference) and at the same frequency
(time dilation). There are no relativistic transformations from the motion. This shows
that time dilation is not relative to motion but too energy. The energy does not change
because it is only being converted from potential to kinetic energy. The two clocks remain
in sync because they remain at the same energy level. 

Frequency=time Dilation,
wavelength=space dilation,
amplitude=energy dilation. 

Relative transformations require absolute changes in energy. And while a clock falls from
a height the energy is not changed it is only transformed form potential to kinetic
energy. This shows that potential energy also causes time dilation not just kinetic
energy. The overall energy does not change. This is why clocks vary in a gravitational
field. Time like motion is a vector quantity it not only depends on the quantity but also
the direction. All that matters is absolute changes in energy and the direction they move.
Falling clocks, measuring rods, weights, remain Galilean reference bodies because for them
no gravitational field exists, they are not effected by gravitational time dilation under
the same conditions. This also shows that it is not motion that is the dominant source of
time dilation but gravitation. 

VELOCITY OF LIGHT 

You may wonder does the velocity of light equal c for the falling clock as it does for the
stationary clock since they run at the same time but are in different motions? Because
they keep the same time but one is moving and the other is not they cannot possible record
the same velocity from a source of light. This means that the velocity of light is not
constant!! 

Let us analyze what is happening. We know while the two clocks are in sync they are not
truly in sync because one is experiencing greater gravitational force since it has fallen
to a lower gravitational position. The lower the position the greater the gravitational
force and the greater the gravitational effects. The stationary clock records the velocity
of light as C with a frequency n because let us say we have calibrated that clock to be
set at a rate just so that result is experienced. Say we have another clock right next to
it set in the exact precise way. The clocks are in sync. They are also at a high altitude
so that one clock can be released and various experiments can be preformed. 

Now the one clock falls the other remains stationary. By sending pulses of light between
the two we determine that they appear to remain in sync relative to each others frame of
reference. Now we take a beam of light and point it downward so that it passes both the
falling clock and the stationary clock. Both measure its velocity. Both come up with
identical readings. How can this be. We know they are not truly running at the same rate
because of varying gravitational forces. The only explanation is that the velocity of
light increases as it falls. The falling clock rate also increases as it falls. The
greater the gravitational force the faster a clock runs, its periods are shorter. 

So the result is that in direct proportion light and clocks fall at the same rate
equalizing each other so that the velocity of light appears to be constant. This could not
happen if the velocity of light did not actually vary! Light falls at the same rate as
everything else in a gravitational field! Only the frequency will be changed. So light is
accelerated and decelerated and such as that. Light is accelerated thru a gravitational
field just like any other particle! The velocity of light is not constant! 

If energy is equivalent to mass then it must be subject to gravitation just like mass.
Light must not only bend in a gravitational field it must fall in a gravitational field
like every thing else. There cannot be two kinds of motion one for energy and one for
mass, one relative and one absolute? 

This brings to completion Galileo's thesis of the uniformity of falling bodies. All bodies
fall at the same rate including light. Of course the velocity of light can only be
expressed in reference to time and clocks and using a Einsteinian clock (relative one) the
velocity of light will always appear constant. But we do not always have to use a
Einsteinian clock. We could use a Newtonian (absolute clock) and then will wind up with
many varying velocities for light. The velocity of light is purely arbitrary. It depends
purely on the clock chosen to measure its velocity. 

EINSTEIN AXIOMS ARE A DEFACTO DEFINITION OF TIME 

Einstein two postulates, the principle of relativity and the constancy of the velocity of
light, actually serve as a definition of time, that is as a calibration for setting
clocks. Making the velocity of light constant is the same as saying the only clocks that
record the velocity of light as c are correct. This serves as a calibration of clocks.
Only such clocks will be accepted as correct. It becomes a self fulfilling prophecy. Only
clocks that record a velocity for light of c are correct therefore only the velocity c for
light can ever be recorded. 

DOPPLER EFFECT 

Light is a clock. In fact every particle is a clock. Actually every particle in motion is
a clock and since every particle is in motion every particle is a clock. All particles are
clocks! That is if time is motion. To the physicist any stable vibration is a clock. Every
quantity can be reduced to one of time. You see this in met achromatism, a change in color
due to a change in temperature. Since heat is time you could make color changes a function
of the time. Frequency is just variation in time dilation thus the spectrum of frequency
is just a spectrum of time dilation. Frequency is just the comparison of one time dilation
to another. 

The time dilation or frequency of a particle changes with the motion. This is the same as
the Doppler shift for light color. If a frequency was so many per second this would be its
rythem or time. Changes in that frequency indicate changes in both energy and the time
dilation of a body. Basically all electromagnetic radiation is a kind of a clock with the
frequency playing the part of the length of the period. As light falls in a gravitational
field its frequency is increased, IE its clock runs faster, or as it rises its frequency
is decreased. 

That time has direction can also be demonstrated by the Doppler effect. Pulsars are
superbly accurate clocks. Being masses they can also be in motion. The timing of a pulsar
can be effected by its motion. The pulse rate is increased when moving toward a observer
and decreased when moving away. Thus time dilation is a extension of the Doppler effect.
This is because time dilation is frequency and frequency is subject to the Doppler effect.
Since the Doppler effect is dependent on direction then so too must be time dilation
dependent on direction. 

Every particle is a wave, every wave has a frequency, every frequency is a clock. Are all
particles clocks because they are waves. Or are all particles waves because they are
clocks? This of course makes time a micro property of particals. It is ridicules to
believe that such fundamental properties as time or space could have been associated apart
from material bodies or particals. Every property is a particle property. 

TIME AND ENERGY 

There is a connection between time and energy just as there was a connection between
electricity and magnetism. In 1820 Oersted discovered that when a electric current flows
thru a wire a magnetic field is set up, conversely Faraday discovered that when a magnetic
field is set up a electric current will be induced in a wire. Similarly when a clock is
heated it appreciates time dilation and if you could induce time dilation artifacts would
heat. This may be possible and a way to generate power. If a moving compass needle was
sufficient to connect magnetism and electricity then a moving clock hand is sufficient to
connect time and energy. Thus it is apparent that energy can be converted into time
(dilation) and therefore time should be able to be converted into energy. 

this means,
T = E 

This shows a undeniable connection between energy and time just as a undeniable connection
was made for electricity and magnetism. It means that time is a form of energy! Time is
motion, motion is energy therefore time is energy! Time dilation is therefore a relation
of energy and there is a form of time dilation for every form of energy. 

There are not two forms of time dilation but many more. 

(i) Mechanical time dilation.
(ii) Electrical time dilation.
(iii) Thermal time dilation.
(iv) Radiant time dilation.
(v) Gravitational time dilation.
(vi) Kinetic time dilation.
(vii) Potential time dilation.
(viii) Chemical time dilation. 

There may be more. 

Time dilation is caused by varying the energy levels of clocks. And there are many ways to
vary the energy of clocks. For these reasons time dilation should not be analyzed
according to motion but according to energy and specifically changes in energy. 

Actually we don't want a Lorentz type equation based on velocity we want one that is based
on energy. But I don't know how to formulate it. 

Because the energy varies according to various frames of reference the time also varies.
To obtain different frames of reference requires energy. This makes it unlike Einstein
relativity where values just only seem to exist in relation. These are real values that
can only be appreciated by real expenditures of energy. 
The difference between the Earth and the moon is not just a relative value. To get to the
moon requires a hell of a lot of energy. If you want to appreciate that reference frame
you will have to expand that energy. This moves physics away from the relative back to the
absolute. Reference frames, they're energy, are absolute. Different reference frames
require different energies. So what relativity really means was that we exist at different
energy levels! That's what's relative. 

Frequency, wavelength, velocity, period, amplitude, all the properties of any particle are
interconnected and interrelated by a common denominator - energy. 

All these attributes appear to be functions of the energy. These of course are all
reminiscent of Planks constant, Time is the rate at which energy and matter interact. 

TIME IS A FORCE! 

The measurement of any time requires generally a acceleration, I mean something must set a
body in motion. Accelerations require a force, time is a acceleration, IE motion,
therefore time is a force! All time dilation therefore is not the result of motion but the
result of variations in the gravitational force surrounding a object. 

The variations in time modulate just like variations in a force field. In fact directly
proportional to the force of gravity. This suggests that time is a force like gravity.
Since we have no notion of any other force like gravity except gravity we should accept
that time is gravity. This is because time is gravitation. Motion dilation is a
subdivision of gravitational time dilation. Motion dilation must be explained it terms of
gravitational time dilation. Gravitational time dilation is the cause of motion dilation.
TIME = GRAVITY 

If time is a force and forces are accelerations then time is a acceleration. 

Time = acceleration 

The energy of any body varies with its motion. 

If t=f then, time =s force. t=mxa and time =s mass times the acceleration. A change in the
force changes the acceleration. An increase in the force causes a increase in the
acceleration. A increase in acceleration decreases the oscillation period. Therefore an
increase in the force causes time to run faster. Time also varies with the square of the
distance just like gravitation does. 

Or something like that. 

Since time is a force it should be possible to express time as a force in equations. Every
time a time variable (t) appears it should be able to substitute it for the force of
gravity. Or analogously since time is energy it should be possible to express time as a
unit of energy. We would not say 15 billion years have gone by since creation we would say
20 trillion units of this energy has been expended. We may find out the universe has 100
trillion of these units therefore it would be one fifth thru its cycle. So the universe
would be one fifth old. Time only exists in proportion. 

GRAVITATIONAL TIME 

It will become obvious after I demonstrate a new theory of motion later that motion is a
subdivision of the greater concept of gravitation. It is totally dependent on gravitation
and specifically on gravitons. Because time is motion if motion is a property of
gravitation then time becomes a property of gravitation. Time=motion, motion=gravitation,
therefore time=gravitation. The cause of time is gravity, the effect of gravity is time.
Just as gravity envelopes us time envelopes us. All properties of gravitation are
properties of time and vis versa. What drives time is clocks, what drives clocks is
motion, what drives motion is gravitation therefore what drives time is gravity.
Gravitational time dilation and motion time dilation are really the same effect and are
caused the same way. Both are caused by variations in the gravitational field. 

Motion is energy, energy is a form of mass, so motion produces mass, the greater the
motion the greater the mass, the greater the mass the greater the field strength,
variances in field strength are time dilation, therefore the mechanism behind motion
dilation is gravitation. All kinetic time dilation is gravitational time dilation because
all motion is motion thru a gravitational field and thru a range of energy levels. Special
time dilation (as given in special relativity) does not exist because special motion does
not exist. In special relativity the direction does not matter. In gravitational time
dilation it has to be considered. 

Since time equals motion/gravitation all the properties of gravitation are properties of
time. 

(I) Time varies in direct relation to the strength of gravity. The stronger the gravity
the faster the time. 

(II) Motion is only defined in a gravitational field therefore time is only defined in a
gravitational field. (III) Since motion is a vector quantity time is a vector quantity. 

If time =gravity then time is a sensation of gravity. This is what I mean when I say time
is a gravitational effect. There are several gravitational effects. 
Weight is the most obvious one, inertia, and time. At first I though that
weight=inertia=time but this was wrong. They are of course all connected but each is a
particular sensation of a different aspect of the force of gravitation. The first
difficulty is "How can so many various sensations be generated from the same stimulus?"
One could ask the vary same question about electro magnetic radiation. Indeed we seem to
experience a wealth of sensations from a poverty of stimulus. Since there are only four of
them. For each is felt in a different way. Weight is felt at rest in a gravitational
field. Inertia is felt while in motion in a gravitational field. Time is a pure experience
of force alone. For example, in free fall say in orbit around the Earth we understand our
weight to be zero yet we still experience time. So time cannot be weight. The same holds
true for inertia. If one of these is varying then the others are also varying in exact
proportion. The relationship of time to weight and force indicates that time should be
able to be expressed as derived units, Because time is gravity and gravity is a force it
should be able to be expressed as units of force. But I do not know what these units would
be. 

The rate of time depends on the gravitational force which in turn depends on the mass of
the related bodies. Which in turn depends on the amount of energy they posses. Rates of
time are different for different masses with different energy levels. A flea does not
experience time at the same rate as a elephant. 

If you could change the time of a mass you would change its mass. This may allow for
perpetual motion. 

Time cannot be warped by gravity because it is gravity. In this sense gravitational time
dilation does not exist. 

VECTOR TIME 

Time dilation depends completely on the energy and mass of a clock that records it. Since
energy/mass varies with the position of a body in a gravitational field and the direction
of motion in that field time is shown to be a vector quantity. Time is a vector quantity.
Because time is motion and motion is a vector quantity time is a vector quantity. Just as
a proper description of motion must include direction so too does a proper description of
time require direction. 

THERMODYNAMIC TIME DILATION AND OTHER FORMS OF TIME DILATION 

We know time changes with motion But we may well ask, "How does time know how to do this?"
This appears to be another sticky action at a distance. Actually it is a property of
gravity and everything associated with gravity appears to be a action at a distance. If
you have a action at a distance problem it would pay to start looking at gravity. 

A change in the mass/energy of bodies alters the surrounding gravitational field which in
turn alters time. We know from the equivalence principle the motion, IE inertia is equal
to gravity. This can only imply that, 

time = motion and motion = gravity therefore time = gravity. 

Time is a effect of gravitation like weight or inertia. Because time = motion then it is
inevitable that the perception of time will vary with motion. Every observer has his own
peculiar energy level. Change the energy level and you change the frame of reference. You
also change the apparent motions. So it is not motion that occurs but only changes in
energy levels. A different energy level and the motion seems faster or slower. 

There are more then two forms of time dilation. For every kind of energy transfer there is
a kind of time dilation. If motion can cause time dilation then so should any and every
other kind of energy since energies are interchangeable. Heat causes time dilation. Heat
causes expansion, variations in length cause clocks to run at various periods. Generally
the greater the temperature the slower the period. This is because heat is actually a form
of motion. The bigger something is or the more massive the slower it will vibrate given a
constant source of energy. This is also true of mass increases with energy. The more
energy the slower something vibrates. Therefore the greater the mass/energy the slower the
clock. 

According to the kinetic theory of heat the hotter a body is the more the molecules within
it vibrate and the greater the heat the greater the amplitude each molecule vibrates. It
is by this greater amplitude that heat is conducted in a solid. This is similar to varying
the length of a pendulum, the greater the length, IE amplitude, the greater or longer the
period. So the greater distance thru which a atom must vibrate because of its heat the
longer the period of oscillation. Molecular clocks operate the same way as regular clocks.
Or in a different way of thinking what is true on the molecular level will always carry
over onto the macroscopic level. Thus microcosm and macrocosm are in harmony with regards
to time. 

So why when you heat something up do processes run faster. Shouldn't change which is a
kind of time be in relation to time? Change, processes etc. require molecular
interactions. Undoubtedly when the amplitude of molecules is increased the statistical
probability of interactions must increase. Therefore generally molecular changes increase
when you heat them up. So change is not time, at least not molecular change since it is
not harmonious with time. And for this reason it has been falsely believed that with
energy increases time speeds up not slows down. Chemical processes may be misleading in
the notion of heat and time. We cannot think of process change as time. If processes are
quicker then we think of time having speeded up. But this is just a chemical anomaly. 

Hot clocks run slow, cold clocks run fast. Hot clocks are more massive, cold clocks less
massive. The greater the mass the slower the clock. 

Potential energy. Just as there was no difference in inertia mass vs. Gravitational mass
there is no difference in how energy is acquired by a clock. 
If the clock obtains more energy in any way, be it heat, position etc., it will experience
time dilation. There is no difference in regards to time dilation with regards to
potential or kinetic energy. Energy is energy. 

TWIN PARADOX 

In the traditional analysis of the twin paradox no though is given to the variations in
gravitational force as two twins separate, this is because it is common in physics to
neglect gravitation because its effect vary at every instant. It is time to put
gravitation back into physics! You need three reference frames for the twin paradox. Each
twin and a control reference frame. 
Twins inn different gravitation fields also age at different rates. 

CONSTANTS 

The speed of light as a physical constant is not a fundamental property of nature. It is
arbitrary, a quirk of time dilation, it just happens to be. There is nothing particularly
significant about it. The importance of it was that it illuminated the fact that time was
relative and thus a relation. For every constant there must be a compensating relation.
Because the constant velocity of light turns out to depend on a relativistic effect (time
dilation) this means that it also must be a relativistic effect. If something is constant
then something else must vary. For light it is time. 

Constants are more the result of the fundamental parameters we choose then the physical
properties of nature. Choose one set of fundamental parameters get one set of constants,
choose another set of fundamental parameters and get an alternate set. Just like alternate
geometries. The human mind is always looking for landmarks on which to anchor itself. We
require constants as a frame of reference. So constants are mental properties more then
physical ones! 

NEWTONIAN TIME / ABSOLUTE TIME / COMPENSATED TIME / THE EXTENDED CLOCK 

How many kinds of clocks are there and what is there functioning. Are all clocks relative
or is it possible to make a perfect clock, ie, one that is not effected by motion. Let us
say from a particular reference point we had a clock and so calibrated it such that for
changes in motion we altered its period according to the Lorenz contraction in reverse
proportion. The result would be a clock that was not effected by motion. It would not be
relitive. It would be absolute. At least in relation to a particular frame of reference. 

Any observer can work out how much time dilation does or would occur in relation to
another body. The calculation can be made if he knows the precise velocity and trajectory.

We could in effect extend the area over which such time is measured and effective thus
creating a zone of absolute time. Time would not be relative to any effects motion or
gravitational. I call such a time zone a extended clock and such absolute keeping of time
may be beneficial. It is certainly possible. In a sence every clock is extended in the
sence that its time is absolute over its effective range. 

How to make such a clock? The Lorentz contraction gives us a way of calculating exactly
the relative time of other positions and motions. We can thus compensate for motion
mathematically . If we know our motion then we can recalculate for any time dilation. We
can synchronize clocks according to 

We can do a similar thing for gravitational time dilation for clocks at rest in a
gravitational field and combine the two effects if necessary for clocks in motion in a
gravitational field. 

This in effect makes a clock that is absolute to a particular frame of reference. Using
such a clock its period of duration varies. We can use any time keeping method we desire.
Since there is a absolute kind of time this also implies that there is a absolute kind of
space and mass too. Which means we can define a universe which is Newtonian if we liked
and it would be valid. 

Consider two clocks in a gravitational field that are extended, ie, sharing the same time.
Lets say the higher clock is set such that it records the velocity of light as c. Now
consider the lower clock. For this clock light gains velocity as it falls. The lower clock
records the velocity of light as C+ gravitational acceleration. Indeed all light velocity
measured by this clock will also be the same and all greater then c. This is because this
clock has been set to run slower then it would normally at its particular energy level.
But it runs at the exact same rate as the higher clock. We don't find a thing wrong with
its measuring. So which is right? Is the lower clock right and does light have various
speeds? Or is the upper clock right and the speed of light is constant? Here are clocks
running at the same speed that record various velocities for the speed of light. It is
important to remember that extended clocks while I say they run at the same speed or
frequency they are not synchronous. If light pulses are exchanged between them they will
not be harmonious. They are only mathematically synchronized not physically synchronized. 

This experiment introduces into physics the idea of extended time. A artificial kind of
absolute time. A universal time that everybody who can communicate with each other and
thus synchronize by extension they're clocks. So we now have several kinds of time. 
Extended time- Extended time reintroduces into physics a notion of absolute time. Since it
is not depended on anything. Using such a clock we can synchronize over great distances a
absolute time scale. We can use such a time as any other. We can call such a extended
radius of time a extended clock. 

In a way every clock is a extended clock because it generates a spacial region of time
over its length although such lengths are usually small. But it is easy to see how they
can be increased arbitrarily. 

(I) Relative time- Clocks that start off synchronized but change as they are moved.
(II) Absolute time- Keep by extended time, clocks that operate without regard to motion. 

Given various kinds of time one may well ask, "Which is the true time?" Neither one is any
less consistent. 

It thus appears there are two valid physics, one Newtonian the other Einsteinian. In one
the velocity of light varies in the other it is constant. There is obviously a duality
working here. This means that Newtonian physics is just as true as relativity. When you
take the speed of light as a variable. Depending on the kind of time you choose. 

Physicist like to think that physics is the most fundamental science but a great deal of
physics depends on the theory of dimensions. Time is defined by what clocks we accept as
accurate. It is really a state of mind. How dimensions are chosen, whether they are
relative or absolute is completely arbitrary. Such things as the velocity of light,
spacial coordinates, distances, time...One can use any coordinate system one liked, nature
does not favor any one. Nature has no knowledge of time. 

Actually its takes not 4 coordinates to determine any event but 5. You not only have to
specify the coordinates but what kind of co-ordinates they are. This can and is done now
by specifying the velocity of light. Which both selects the fundamental dimensions of
physics , like time distance and mass and governs the choice of instrumentation. The
theory of dimensions will decide the topic of physics. Whether you decide that the theory
of dimensions is physics or not is arbitrary. 

MOTION DILATION = GRAVITATIONAL TIME DILATION 

Motion time dilation is just a form of gravitational time dilation. Time dilation varies
with the force of gravity, the force of gravity varies with the mass, the mass varies with
the motion, therefore motion dilation is actually the result of gravitational dilation.
For this reason the direction of the motion becomes important. Because mass/energy varies
with position. So whether a object is receding or preceding also has a effect on its time
dilation. For this reason gravitational equations will have to be used to describe motion
dilation. The Lorenz contraction is not accurate or completely accurate. . 

Einstein had two different kinds of time dilation because he still had two different kinds
of motion, 

(I) inertia
(II) gravitational 

although he had shown by the principle of equivalence that gravity=inertia he failed to
recognize that to two were actually one. Greater motion causes greater energy, greater
energy causes greater mass, greater mass causes greater gravity, greater gravity causes
contraction, contraction causes heat, heat is vibration, vibration is motion, motion
causes greater energy....A change in any vibration causes a change in time by way of
gravitational force. Gravitons are the medium of the dissipation of time. Motion, gravity,
heat, oscillation and vibration are all gravity and they are all time. Only things that
can be oscillated can be heated, only things that can be heated can experience time. Time
is a material property. Things that cannot be oscillated cannot experience time. Things
that cannot experience time we cannot experience in time! (Dark matter/tacions?) 

GRAVITATIONAL PROPERTIES OF TIME 

For any vibrating body we know that the mass varies with the energy and the bodies in a
higher gravitational plane have greater energy of position. Therefore the period of a
vibrating body is proportional to the mass/energy and the greater the mass the slower the
period, the lessor the mass the faster the period. For this reason clocks in a stronger
gravitational field run faster then ones in a weaker gravitational field. Strong-fast,
weak-slow. 

The elasticity constant remains constant, it is not effected by relativistic changes in
energy. If it was we could not use wight scales to measure variances in gravitational
force by use of gravimeters. To determine the period of a vibrating body, IE its
frequency, is the same as determining its time dilation. It goes back to motion,
time=motion, motion=velocity, for vibrating bodies velocity=frequency. If time is motion
then its measurement must be comparable with motion. Every object is at its own particular
time dilation. 

GRAVITATION AND RATES OF TIME FLOW 

One minor flaw in Einstein theory of relativity is his rate of clocks in gravitational
fields. Specifically Einstein states that clocks run slower the greater the gravitational
strength. This is wrong. The rate of gravitation has a direct relation on the rate of
time. A clock in a strong gravitational field will oscillate faster then one in a weak
gravitational field and one in no gravitational field will not oscilate at all! The period
of a clock is directly related to its length. A clock in a strong gravitational field is
shorter then one in a weak gravitational field, it will run faster. Assuming that time is
a force, 

t = time
m = mass
a = acceleration
g = gravity 

we see that time varies directly to relative mass and/or relative gravitational strength.
So the period varies directly to either. What becomes apparent is that the critical
element of time dilation is not motion, not gravitation, etc. but energy. The rate of a
clock is directly related to its energy, the greater the energy the slower a clock will
run. For this reason clocks fall under the rules of thermodynamics and some new
thermodynamic rule should be created to encompass this fact. 

Of course the precise formula for time is a hell of a lot more complicated then this. This
is only general. Since motion is a vector quantity it must be remembered that time should
also be a vector quantity. So whether a objects velocity is positive or negative, IE,
moving away or positive, moving toward, alters the time dilation. Not just the velocity is
important. There are two kinds of motion, up and down or more importantly motion where
there is a change in a bodies energy and motion where the bodies energy is not altered.
Down constant, no dilation, up change in energy and a experience in dilation. 

TIMES ARROW 

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF TIME 

Because time is a form of energy some or all of the properties of energy will be
properties of time. Indeed I believe the entire science of time could become a subdivision
of the science of energy, thermodynamics. Proving an arrow of time is equivalent to
proving the second law of thermodynamics. Not because of the second law of thermodynamics
demonstrates a arrow of time but because the arrow of time demonstrates the 2nd law of
thermodynamics. Therefore there will always exist some quantity in physical processes like
entropy that always increase with time. 

To know what causes the arrow of time you must know what causes time. 

IRREVERSIBLE PARADOX 

In Newtons mechanics, in Quantum mechanics and in Relitivity you can consider phenomina as
being able to run in eithor direction as regards to the motion of time. Thus in a sense
time should be reversible. Unfortunately it doesnt work in the real world. This weird
state of affairs s called the irreversible paradox. We should be able to reverse time but
we cant even on the smallest scale. 

To prove the asymmetry of time we only have to find one true example of a nonreversible
phenominon. The problem being which processes are truely irreversable. Since we now know
that time is gravity there should be some phenomenon associated with gravity that is
irreversible if time is irreversible. 

If something is at rest it stays at rest whether the time line is run forward or backward.
But when things fall peculiarities appear. Things never fall up. 
Things may move upward but they are not falling. Things only fall down. Gravitation is a
asymmetric force, it is a pull and not a push. The asymmetric property of time is derived
from the asymmetric properties of gravity. 

Time depends on motion, motion depends on inertia, inertia depends on force, the important
force governing motion is gravity, therefore some property of gravity must govern the
arrow of time. Because time is a extension of gravity a fundamental force it shares some
properties of gravity. The most important for the consideration of the arrow of time being
the gravity is not a symmetrical force. 

Gravity is a asymmetric force. But to prove the asymmetry of time we do not have to
analyze fancy gravitational theorems. It can be done in a most elemental way. 

Falling Man Experiment 

The way up and the way down are not the same. There are two kinds of motion up and down
and they are different. 

A man is in an elevator either in a gravitational field or experiencing inertia. In his
hand hangs a spring scale. From the scale hangs a weight. There are two possibilities, 

(i) The weight stresses the spring 
or
(ii) The weight does not depress the spring. 

In case one the man can come to two conclusions, 

(a) that he is accelerating, 
(b) Or that he is at rest in a gravitational field. 

In the case of number two he can assume he either is in free fall in a gravitational field
or that he is experiencing no acceleration since the scale is not being extended. 

Now consider the symmetry for these two experiments. Only for the first case is time
symetrical. But consider case two. If time could be run backward instead of being in free
fall his motion would be reversed. Instead of falling he would be moving upward. If he
were moving upward his weight would be extended as the force of gravity operated on it.
Thus were have discovered a irrevesable process. Because it cannot be extended. It will
appear in freefall. A clear demonstration of irreversibility. 

Therefore it is quite a easy to determining which way time is running in a movie
projection. . Motion in a gravitational field is asymmetric! Time is asymmetric! Because
gravity is a asymetric force. 

Because the experiment can be carried out in relation to any phenomina we can consider all
phenomena orientated to an arrow of time. This is because all phenonina exists in
gravitational fields. Because they can either be converted to motion or are equivalent to
motion there fore they must obey the laws of motion. All is motion. This notion the
irreversibility of gravity, shows why some energy transformations are irreversable.
Gravity is the compass that always points time into the future. 

The falling man experiment implies a law such as the second law of thermodynamics. Because
of its complete irreversibility physical processes will also have a irrevesable nature. We
notice this and call it the 2nd law of thermodynamics. 

QUANTUM MECHANICS VS. THEORIES OF MOTION 

The reason that quantum on a subatomic level seem to obey different laws then the laws of
motion or the law of time is because quantums are operated on by different forces at that
level. We know that the electric force because of its invertible polarity is completely
reversable. Atomic processes are truely reversable if the only forse involved is
electrical. For this reason some quantum processes are reversible and will not obey the
second law of thermodynamics. For example, a electron orbiting a nucleus. It never winds
down. Further such things as superconductivity appear to violate the second law. This is
why there appears to be a fundamental difference in motion between the microscopic world
and the macroscopic world where different forces dominate. Apparently there is not one
kind of motion but as many kinds as there are forces. Therefore microscopic dynamics is
not equivalent to macroscopic dynamics. In this sence there are micro laws and there are
macro laws. Different rules will have to be worked out for each. Actually they have been. 

TIMES ORDER 

Since time is a asymmetrical relation it should be no surprise like all asymmetrical
relations that it is a ordering relation. Because gravity is asymmetrical the universe is
asymmetrical, IE, ordered in time. Time is such a fundamental physical elemental that
actually it is the very paradigm of order. 

THE LAWS OF NATURE AND TIME 

Most if not all the laws of nature can be restated in terms of time. 

Newton:
1: Every body continues at a uniform motion unless a force altered it. 

IE, all bodies in equivalent energy states are synchronous with regards to time. 

2: The acceleration produced by a force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the
forse and the mass of the body. 

IE, to every change of energy there is a time dilation. Basically time is relative to
energy. 

3: For every action there is a equal and opposite reaction. 

IE, To every time dilation there is a corresponding time dilation everywhere else. 

Thermodynamics: 

1: energy cannot be created or destroyed. 

Time cannot be created or destoyed. 

2: That is any closed system heat only flows from a hot region to a cold one. The
direction of time flows only in one direction. 

3: Absolute zero cannot be reached. 

The cessation of time like the cessation of heat cannot be achieved for any body. 

I doubt this one. 

Relativity: 

Actually the hypothosis that time is motion has already been advanced in the form of
Einstiens Equivalence Principle. Einstiens Equivalence Principle states that: gravity =
acceleration 

This can be expressed as gravity = motion. If we accept that motion = time we must accept
that time = gravity. 

Geometry: 

Even geometrical axioms can be reformulated in terms of time. Time has long been
associated with geometrical concepts. Cyclic time, linear time, etc. Many aspects of time
are regarded by geometric notions. IE, short space of time, intervals of time, etc.
Whenever possible man has sought to subordinate the temporal dimension to the spacial
dimension or spacial concepts. Such as space time. 

Many geometric postulates tho have time like relations. For example, 

Three point postulate: Space contains at least three non collinear points. 

Time also has three segments, past, present and future. 

People have been very perplexed about this from early times but they do not seem to be as
perplexed about the three point nature of space. 

The line point postulate: Every line is a set of points and contains at least two points. 

Every segment of time has a beginning and a end. 

A-B-C betweeness postulate: If point B is between points A and C then point B is also
between C and A, and all three points are distinct and collinear. 

The same holds trues for points in time. 

Newtons physics closely parallels Euclids geometry and is obviously a extension of that
geometry. 

6. THEORY OF SPACE


QUANTUM SPACE 

Originally space and time have been studied as if they were autonomous entities that exit
independently. As such there existence was not seen as varying by any relation; absolute
space absolute time. After all what connection or effect could corporal entities have on
non corporal entities? But it was discovered that such relations must exist, and in
precise mathematical relationships. So it has to be assumed that entities somehow affect
space and time. 

If space can interrelate with matter perhaps it is not non corporal but a thing. It is a
thing like ,matter, or like energy. One day perhaps space will be seen as a energy field
that surrounds us. 

The most critical fact concerning space is not its properties but its genius. What causes
space? I advance that space does not exist. Space is the result of particle interactions.
Particles hit us and we see space. If the particles did not hit us we would not see space.
Space is a relativistic effect. I call this notion quantum space. Space like time is not
independent of physical things, they are the properties of physical things. This is fairly
obvious when you consider that one universal property of matter is extension. If space is
a property of matter then it is not independent. Space is a thing therefore, 

space = matter
space = energy 

Bodies do not have space that contains them. Space is a purely sensible subjective
manifestation. People see space but what they are experiencing is energy, streams of
energy. For this reason space can be considered truly a thing. But not the noncorporial
thing we think it is. 

Conversely to consider space as a material, real, physical entity has the immediate
difficulty that space has no physical existence. It cannot be weighed, it cannot be
contained, it cannot be heated, it cannot be separated, it cannot be condensed, cannot be
isolated, rarified, objectified.... It cannot be operated on in any way. No scientific
tests can be done on it. From the complete lack of objectification one would almost
conclude that space does not exist. But we experience it. It is like color, we experience
color but where does color exist? Space is not a idea that can exist separately from
material reality. 

We have been associating time to distance for along time. If were asked about a trip we
might say it was long but we do not mean a long distance but along travel time. Distance
is the meaning of potential energy. Distance becomes a form of energy. It is impossible to
move any distance without expending energy. Distance is a form of energy. D = E Time and
space are extremely closely interrelated concepts. We use space to measure time and time
to measure space. It is difficult to think of one without the other. But they are utterly
distinct ideas, each with very different properties. 

HOW TO TURN ENERGY INTO SPACIAL RELATIONSHIP. ENERGY BECOMES SPACE. 

Consider two objects separated by a distance. They remain at a constant distance. Now
alter ones time dilation by changing its energy state. The distance between the two will
change. Space from energy. The transformation we call motion. When you alter the energy
level space appears to increase. 

The same thing happens when electrons jump in there orbit. They do not move thru space the
spacial relationship is just altered. Thus distance is not a matter of space but of
energy. Distance becomes a function of energy. Distance and motion becomes only a change
in energy. Space does not actually exist. All the exists in reality is the energy. If
there is no distance this solves the action at a distance problem. From this we can no
longer say every thing in the world has spacial extension, at best we can only say
everything in the world experiences a spacial impression. 

The curious thing about this is that both space and time are stimulated by the same
quanta. Time and space are created simultaneously. This is no doubt why space and time are
intermixed. They have the same causation. 
But time is a different animal then space. A meter is a meter wherever you go. You can
carry it with you and upon returning wherever you were the meter remains unaffected. 
Clocks are a wholly different matter. Clocks retain a history of there variations, they
will not coincide when returned to there place of origin. Relativity was based on the
Lorentz contraction but what if the contraction is fallacious? After all we have no direct
evidence of mass/space contractions as we do time. Masses are all local phenomena whereas
time can be at a distance. There is a strong connection between mass and space just as
there is a strong connection between time and energy. The flipside of mass is space and
the flipside energy is time. Actually the only two real entities are mass and energy. 

DIMENSIONS 

Why does space have various directions? One may as well ask why is there a up and down.
Dimensions exist in perception only. Dimensions result from the attributes of particles.
For every dimension there must be a corresponding attribute in a particle or a particle
itself to account for a dimension. There are four know dimensions and there are four known
force particles, coincidence? 
Just as the time dimension was the result of gravitons the space dimension is the result
of electromagnetism. For every dimension you need a corresponding partical. Force
particals are vectors. And vectors have direction. Space is symmetric because some energy
particles are symmetric. This is why you can move back and forth in space. 

NUTSHELL THEORY OF SPACE 

Think of space as a shell the surrounds you equally, like the shell of a nut. Wherever you
go the shell follows you. The universe is such a shell. You carry your space along with
you wherever you go. You dont move, your space around you varies. 

The universe expands not into space ,the radius varies directly with the total energy.
Since the universe is radiating gravitons it is losing energy. This loss of energy appears
as expansion. The expansion of the universe is a purely relativistic effect. As the energy
varies, the time dilation seems to vary, as the time dilation seems to vary, the distance
seems to vary. This makes it appear as if the universe is expanding. The universe has not
changed in size only in energy. 

Creation started when graviton emission began. The universe, gravity, expansion, and time
all stared at the same time and have the same cause. The one peculiarity of a universe
which is a transference of energy, the expansion being caused by the loss of gravitons,
the question arises if these gravitons do not go out into space, where do they go? 

7. THEORY OF MOTION

INTRODUCTION 

The history of physics is a history of theories of motion. Mechanics dominates the science
of physics. There is in science few concepts older or more important then the concept of
motion. By motion we mean a change of position. Any new theory of time would necessarily
redefine the notion of motion. Any new definition of motion would alter our fundamental
concepts of physics. A altering of our fundamental concepts of physics would indicate an
alternate concept of the universe. 

I divert from accepted understanding as concerns motion from the major premise of kinetic
theory, the Quantification of motion should already have been a well established notion.
But the adherence of the deriviation of motion from distance which like time is considered
continuous, has prevented acceptance of such a obvious and important fact. A quantified
motion will only be accepted when a quantified space has been demonstrate. 

WHAT IS MOTION? 

Physics is founded on the concepts of motion but what is motion? Motion needs gravity to
define it. From relativity we know that motion causes time dilation. It follows from the
reversal of a know effect that time dilation therefore causes motion. This means that
motion is a relitivistic effect. Time dilation is caused by all kinds of changes in the
energy states of a body. If motion is a change of time dilation then motions are peculiar
changes in energy. Motion is not a thing things do but changes within a thing. 
For every change in time dilation say by variations in energy that bodies reference frame
will be altered. This will vary the reference frames time dilation. The observers in that
reference frame will experience spacial Lorentz transformations and this will appear as
motion. Viewers will perceive other reference frames as moving relative to there position.
Thus a change of time causes a change of position. You are not actually moving your time
is changing. 

change time = change position 

Time dilation causes apparent motion. 

Time dilation is both space and motion. 

What we call motion is just transformations of energy. For this reason motion is a
thermodynamic process. 

Motion depends on particles for it to be experienced. If motion is always completely
dependent on particles then it is not independent. Motion as a independent parameter has
gone the way of independent time and independent space. Because motion is a relativistic
effect motion resides not in the body that appears to be in motion but the reference frame
itself. For this reason the point of actions are reversed (action at a distance). There
can be no action at a distance since motion is a relative ( local) phenomenon. Motion is
squarely in the eyes of the beholder. For this reason motion is not in a body it is in us.

Energy transformations can only be perceived at the viewers location. Effects that appear
to happen at a distance to the viewer really happen locally. For this reason there is no
action at a distance. 

In the standard conception of motion a body moves thru space. But isn't it just as valid
to assume that space is moving thru bodies? And that bodies remain still? Do things move
in space? Or does space move past things? 

MOTION IS A FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT 

Since time = motion and since time was a fundamental concept this make motion a
fundamental concept. It is not a derived concept as Newton envisioned. 

Time is one of our perceptions of energy. Since motion is a form of energy we should be
able to develop the notion of time from energy relations. This should already have been
evident since the geometry of space time is determined by the motions of particles thru
it. Space and time become dependent on motion. This is there peculiar connection. 

Integrating time and space into the concept of motion it becomes apparent that physics can
be constructed on just two fundamental notions, mass and energy which is really one. Since
space and time are energies. A significant unification. 

T=S=M=E 

Distance is also defined by motion. 

Motion is not only critical to a theory of time but also to any physical theory of space.
Just as time is metered by the motion of events so is distance determined by the motions
of objects thru space at varius velocities and times. Specifically currently we measure
distance by the amount of time it takes light to traverse a specific region. Straight
lines are physical properties only in as much as they are defined in a physical way. Such
as the path of light which is a object in motion. Depending on how the object moves thru
space determines the geometry of straight lines. I simply reverse Einstein notion, if time
is relative to motion then motion is relative to time. 

From this it should be obvious that time and space are inseparable from mass because they
are forms of mass/energy. 

Newton said acceleration = force, I am saying that acceleration = change energy. Not just
changes of motion but all motions. Because motion is the result of particle exchanges all
motion, the experience of motion is the result of continuous forces. No forces no motion.
Motion is a force or the effect of force.

ACCELERATION/INERTIA 

There are as many types of acceleration as there as particals that cause acceleration.
There is only inertia when two partical work at cross purposes. Usually one of the forces
is gravitation. Inertia then is the interplay of two forces. If so then if only one force
were operating then no inertia effects would be felt. This we find in the case when only
gravitational forces are present, as in free fall. Generally the only time inertia forces
are felt is when one force operates against gravity or when a object resists gravity. If
space were empty, truly empty, no forces present, then there would be no resistance and no
inertia forces for a body moving in any way or in uniform motion or in acceleration.
Inertia effects would vanish. 

Without inertia effects motion as we know it would be impossible. And without
inertia/motion time would not exist. Therefore our sense of time is connected to our sense
of inertia. Therefore if we are experiencing inertia effects we can be sure we are
experiencing time dilation also and vis versa. 

A body acting under a single force does not feel the effect of that force. For example
acceleration in a gravitational field. A body feels weightlessness, it does not experience
inertia. The inertia effect is only felt when two forces operate. This means that inertia
is a composition of forces. Inertia is a effect of the interplay of forces. This means
that inertia is not a internal ubiquitous property of mass but a emergent property of a
system of bodies and forses. Inertia is not a absolute, independent, internal property of
bodies but a relative and dependent property just like all the other properties of
physics. Inertia is the resistance of a body against the force of gravity. 

8. RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM PHYSICS

RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM HYPOPHYSIS 

That all the phenomenon of nature are the effects of particle exchanges.
or
NO CAUSAL RELATION WITHOUT A ENERGY TRANSFER. 

Physical effects must have physical causes. 

Relativistic- because it depends on effects that are relativistic. 

Quantum- because the effects are the results of quantum exchanges. Our experience of
reality is the confluence, the flow of quantums into our reference frame. 

Event-Events are energy transfers. 

All relative effects are quantum effects. 

By making relative effects quantum effects it conjoins quantum mechanics and relativity
into one science 

Every moment in time, every event is signaled by a energy change. For every event there is
a energy change. For every event there is a transfer of energy thus every event has a
cause. Events are causal relations. Ultimately the cause of all events are quantum. All
events are quantum events. They don't just happen particles make them happen. If there
were no particles operating then no events would happen. 

RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS 

Relativistic effects are like distortions like the waviness in the atmosphere on a hot
summers day. We do not see what we actually see but a distortion, distorted by energy.
Energy distorts our perception. We think we see space, motion etc. but we really just see
energy distortions. 

QUANTUM FORCE 

For every force there is a corresponding force particle. Thus instead of f=ma, we have f=
change energy. Thus for forces you can substitute partical energies. There are no feilds
because there is no space. Feilds are only a ghost of a action. Lines of force are not
active agents operating on a body to produce accelerations or motions. But instead are the
paths that force particles traverse in there flight from one location to another. These
paths and therefore space would be straight were it not for the effects of gravitons on
the moving particals. 

The discovery that all forces obey the same kinds of laws or there actions can be
described by the same kinds of equations has lead some to presuppose that all forces are
somehow interrelated and have a common origin. It is now easy to see that because all
forces are propagated in the same way as particle emissions that the similarity results
not from a common force but a common mechanism. Because each force has a separate partical
associated with it the forces should be considered separate until or if every such
particals can be shown to be convertible. I do believe one type of particle can be
transmuted into another kind. 

QUANTUM TIME 

Since time is motion and motion is gravitation (principle of equivalence) and if gravity
is caused by particle interactions then time is caused by particle interactions. Lets call
these particles, chronitons. Since time = gravity it turns out that 

chronitons = gravitons. 

This is why it has been so hard to determine a cause for time. 

Since time is a form of energy and since energy is quantified then time must be
quantified. Time comes in packets, time moves in increments, time is not continuous, there
are gaps in time. The amount of time corresponds to the smallest amount of energy that can
produce motion. Time is processed in discrete units. Time seems continuous just like
motion seems continuous but it is not. Time is not like points in time but like segments.
Every segment of time is a piece of time. It has a beginning, middle and end because every
motion has a begining , middle and end. The length of time is Planks constant. 

If time dilates from motion and motion is a form of energy then time is a form of the
energy,
t=f(e)
time and dilations and such do not really depend on motion or position but absolute
changes in energy. No change in energy no change in time dilation regardless of motion or
position. No motion. This is because time is a function of the gravity, gravity is a
function of the mass, mass is a function of mass/energy relationship which is relative.
Actually time dilation is a function of the mass
t=f(m)
The bigger something is the greater its time. The sun may not think it will burn for 20
billion years, to it may seem like two billion. I do not know if the planet seems to move
faster with the increased velocity of time? But if time is speeded up so should every
thing else. 

Because mass determines the gravitational force what we really mean is
t=f(g). 

Because the gravitational mass is a function of the energy. 

If you accept the relativistic quantum hypophysis then as regards to time the first
question you ask is "What particle or particles can we associate to time?" Have we not yet
discovered chroniotons or have we mislabeled them? What kind of properties should the
chroniton have? What kind of particles are we looking for? Are there any known particles
that are suitable candidates for the chroniton? Perhaps gravitons are not chronitons and
we should look for a completely other force. 

Because time is motion and because motion is mediated by a force and because force is
mediated by a particle I begin by assuming that time is mediated by a force particle. And
there are only 4 of these and only one general universal one. Since time appears to be
general and universal I have to assume that gravity is the time particle. Since time is
the force of gravity and since gravity is the abundance of gravitons chronitons=gravitons.

Actually because I feel time is equivalent to energy (because time dilation appears to be
consistant with all forms of energy) any form of energy transfer would simulate our
sensation of time. That is, any energy particle would stimulate the time dimension. It is
just that gravity is the most consistant one we experience. 

In quantum time what is important is not motion or distance or length... these can all be
replaced buy one notion, energy. Clocks correspond to frames of reference. A clock is a
frame of reference and as much as you alien yourself with it you are in that frame of
reference. Just as every reference frame has a particle motion, a particular potential
energy, particular temperature etc. so every reference frame has a particular energy.
Actually reference frames can be in this way described by one number. Thus every reference
frame can be assigned a energy value of level. Frames with the same energy level
experience simultaneous time, and frames that experience simultaneous time are at the same
energy level. 

ACTION AT A DISTANCE 

Action at a distance is not a real effect. No effects can be produced thru a distance, all
effects are local. 

WAVE MECHANICS AND TIME, PHASE AND FREQUENCY 

Clocks have the same wave-mechanical duality as other bodies. They have a velocity, they
have a wavelength, they have a frequency and they have a amplitude. The fundamentals for
describing things in wave mechanics. Of course every micro property has a corresponding
macro property and vis versa. 

Time has some notions that correspond to notions of wave mechanics. 

Phase = simultaneity
Frequency = time dilation
Wavelength = space
amplitude = energy 

When you set a interval of a clock you are really setting or coordinating the period, IE,
the time dilation of a clock. Its frequency. Time dilation corresponds to frequency. 

Two important characteristics in setting a clock are setting its simultaneity, the exact
moment in time it is and setting its period, the length of its mechanism. One measures
epoch the other measures interval. We alter clocks to suit our convenience. 

Take frequency for example, two observers measure the frequency of a beam of light they
pass between them. If for each the frequency is the same then they have the same time
dilation. Or consider phase, If they observe the same cycles at the same times, the
wavelengths correspond at the same points in time, then they are in phase, they have the
same simaltiety, Two observers can be operating at the same frequency but be out of phase
as Einstein showed. If they are in phase then they share the same instant. 

There is really nothing special of different about a clocks frequency or its phase. Except
that we use clocks as a base or standard. No different then any other particle that has
wave particle duality. 

The expression
Force=#wavelengths / time
is really a comparison of two frequencies. Just as in the motion theory of time time was a
comparison of two motions. Since anything can be used as a clock every thing and anything
is a clock. You see that every particle has a frequency and a phase because every particle
is in time and has its own time, own energy level. 

When you stop thinking of time as a universal property you have to discover internal
properties of quanta that correspond to these concepts. They are universal only in that
all quanta have these properties. Properties of the universe ultimately must reside in the
particles that make up the universe. This is why I often say the Universe has no
properties. Only particles have properties. The universe only has substance, being.
Substances have properties. You can never really experience the universe just substances. 

In quantum mechanics the frequency of any wave function is a function of the energy.
Frequency= energy/ Planks constant. Since frequency is time dilation we see that time
dilation is a function of the energy. This means that time dilation and time itself is
only dependent of the energy levels a object resides at. Time is a fuction of the energy!
Since energy is defined by frequency and frequency by time we arrive at another
equivalence, time energy equivalence. 

ENERGY = TIME 

But we already know this. Energy is time and therefore some form of energy must correspond
to time. Changes in frequency imply changes in energy and vis versa. 

SIMULTANEITY/PHASE, THE NOW 

When we talk a bout simultaneous time we really mean the now, the present, were every
thing happens. For simultaneous time you really need more then one clock. Or for relative
time for that matter. All clocks go at the same rate if they are of identical construction
and have the same energy. Is your now the same as my now? Does everyones now happen
simultaneously? How does the now happen? How do you get to the now and how can you get
away from it? 

Einstein define simultaneity by the signal theory of light. The concept of determining
simultaneity by signals of light. This is close because we now know that time is dependent
on particles namely gravitons therefore simultaneity is dependent on those signals.
Without a exchange there is no time. Thus the meaning of simultaneity must be dependent on
them. And the rate at which they are transferred. For two clocks to be simultaneous they
must be at the same frequency and phase. 

QUANTUM GRAVITY 

Kempler originated the concept of gravity He deduced the sun was the causal agent for the
motion of the planets. He speculated that the sun produced its influence by emminating
some kind of rays. 

Here is how gravity works. 

Gravitational bodies emit gravitons. Each time a particle is received alters the reference
frame, that is that reference frames clocks run slower. As clocks run slower in a given
period of time the spacial dimension changes and a body appears to be moving. Further as
the time slows more particles are perceived to be received. This accounts for the inverse
distance parameter. Gravity is just the exchange of particals. When a graviton hits you it
appears as if a body has moved towards you. There is no action at a distance. Gravitation
is within you not within the apparently moving body. 

As clocks slow down due to increase of energy due to gravitons distances appear to be
shorter thus gravity appears to be a force that contracts us. 

more energy--clocks run slower--contraction 
less energy--clocks run faster--expansion 

This is how I deternineds this relation. Assume the universe is one unit wide to begin
with and it takes one unit of time for light to cross this distance. So it is one light
unit in distance. Now we lose energy and our clocks run faster. Light travels at the same
pace, the size of the universe has not changed, but lets say instead of one we see three
units of time transpire. We assume the speed of light is constant. Now the universe
appears to be three light units across--a expansion. It is not the distance that has
changed but our time dilation. So when clocks gain energy we perceive a contraction, when
there lose energy we perceive a expansion. 

QUANTUM SPACE 

Just as time= gravitational field space is the electro-magnetic field. 

SPACE = ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD 

Space is a force! Space is not nothing it is pure force. Space does not exist out there,
it exist as a property of particles, better yet as a relation between two particles. The
interaction of these particles gives rise to the sensation of space. So space is a
subjective experience. We call space empty but in fact it is full of fields. It is these
fields that are space. Since there are mostly electro-magnetic fields I attribute the
generation of space to electro-magnetic fields. Of course there are no real fields. 

CONSTANTS 

Constants are invariants that do not change under transformations of energy. Natures
constants are nothing more then the constant properties of particles associated with the
identical property of particles and there seeming identical property of interaction.
Particals are identical and always operate in consistant ways. This is what makes science
possible. Show me a constant in physics and Ill show you a particle. All constants are
particle properties. For example for G it is the acceleration a graviton will produce. 

UNIVERSAL EXPANSION 

The universe will wear out like a garment, it will become threadbare.
-Holy Christian Bible 

Because everything in the universe can be considered a relativistic effect. The universe
is not a mechanical devise. It is much more like a solid state devise that operates wholly
electronically. It is a universe with no moving parts. Mass radiates gravitons. Gravitons
are energy. As gravitons are radiated there energy is lost. As there energy is lost space
appears to increase. The universe appears to be expanding. But in fact gravitational forse
is only decreasing. The universe is not expanding it is decaying. 

As the gravitational forse is expanded the universe appears to expand. The univervse can
not collaspe because gravitational effects can not collaspe. There will be no end to the
universe or its expansion as long as gravity exists. 

The universe appears to us to be spherical because of the uniformity of time dilation. The
same time dilation that cause the constancy of light cause the sperical universe. Distance
is a function of the time which is a function of the energy. There are many other
symmetries such as the spherical universe and one could ask "Which of these originate not
so much in the universe but fron the interrelation of concepts?" 

I have to add a major revision here. I was plagued by uncertainty in relation to my
analysis as to why the universe is expanding. I keep trying to make the universe expand.
The universe is not expanding. Of course on one level I knew this, that the universe is
the same size but I was trying to make it expand from all reference points. This is
clearly impossible. First of all we can only know our reference point. The universe only
appears to be expanding to us, from our reference point. We are losing energy in the form
of gravitons in relation to the universe. In relation to the universe it is our clocks
that are running faster. The universe only expands from our point of view. The Hubble
constant is not so much a function of what the universe is doing but what we are doing.
The
lose/gain energy = Hubble constant 
as a function of the time dilation. 
This confused me because in relation to the Earth we gain energy in the form of gravitons
but in relation to the universe a different reference frame, we lose energy. We experience
a contraction and a expansion simultaneously. This was confusing. But it is because there
are two reference frames. In relation to one gain in relation to another lose. The size of
the universe and its expansion rate is a direct result of graviton emission in relation to
mass. 

BOHRS ORBITS 

I have already shown that variations in energy cause variations in time dilation. Since
energy comes in quantum units time is not smooth but quantified. A change in the energy
causes a instantaneous change Why are Bohrs orbits quantified? We know that position in
physics is equivalent to energy. Thus orbits are equivalent to energy levels. If energy is
quantified then orbits must be quantified. 

Quantum jumps are actually a form of time dilation but that is instantaneous. A jump being
the ability of a particle to seem to instantaneously dematerialize in one location and
rematerialize in another location at the same instant. This appears to happen when
particals transition orbits and during other quantum phenomina. 

Energy warps time. Since by planck's formula, 

You see a change in energy chases a inverse change in the wavelength. If the change in
energy is instantaneous the motion will seem instantaneous. Sudden changes in orbit ie
energy seem instantaneous because of time dilation, they actually experience a time warp
and jump from orbit to orbit outside our perception. This only happens on the quantum
level because it is only there that energy is quantified, in the macro world energy
appears continuous. 

THE END