UFO UpDates Mailing List
From: Moderator, UFO UpDates - Toronto
Date: Mon, 23 Nov 1998 12:51:17 -0500
Fwd Date: Mon, 23 Nov 1998 12:51:17 -0500
Subject: An Historic Report On Life In Space: [Corrected]
There are a few typographical errors in the first version
of this document. We suggest you delete the original and
replace it with this one in your files.
ebk
_________________________________________________________
Source: http://www.accessnv.com/nids/Jackson_Hohmann_SETI.shtml
[The documents reproduced below appear at the NIDS site as .JPGs
and as such can only be read at the site. Since their import
merits digitising, Sue and I spent some time keying from the
image files - they simply wouldn't OCR with the software we
have. The 'Figures' mentioned below are on-line at NIDS.
We also have a .DOC version of what's below that includes the
images - available on request. Bear in mind that that file is
over 1Mb --ebk]
An Historic Report On Life In Space: Tesla, Marconi, Todd
by
C. D. Jackson and R. E. Hohmann
International Business Machines Corp.
Kingston, New York
2730-62
AMERICAN ROCKET SOCIETY
17th ANNUAL MEETING AND
SPACE FLIGHT EXPOSITION
PAN PACIFIC AUDITORIUM
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
NOVEMBER 13 - 18, 1962
Commentary
Introduction:
Our attention was directed toward the existence of this paper by
one of our colleagues in the scientific community. After
further inquiry, it was found that this paper is archived at the
Linda Hall Library (an independent research library of science
and technology, 800-662-1545) in Kansas City, Missouri.
The paper is archived on microfiche and, after further
investigation, we found that no original hard copy is obtainable
from either the Linda Hall Library or IBM's archives. We then
ordered a photocopy of the paper be made from microfiche and
sent to NIDS. What we present below are scanned images of this
photocopy in JPG format which is the lowest image format size
obtainable for this document.
The text and figures 1 and 4 are clear and legible after
scanning, but we found that figures 2 and 3 are difficult to
understand as they are photographical data from a Jenkins
Radio-Camera (ca. 1924).
The Linda Hall Library provided three photocopies of the page
containing the four figures using different contrasts for each
to help us find the best copy of these microfiche images. Thus,
we provide below two scanned images of figures 2 and 3 to let
the viewer see for themselves what we believe to be the two best
presentations of them. Figures 2 and 3 are difficult to
understand or interpret since they represent photographical data
from the Jenkins Radio-Camera.
During the years 1899-1924 three experimental scientists, Nikola
Tesla, Guglielmo Marconi, and David Todd (working independently
of each other) observed laboratory data and related phenomenon
which suggested the possibility that they were monitoring
interplanetary communications. During the same period
(199-1924) the Russian theorist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky deduced a
model of an intelligence existing independently of terrestrial
influence.
Tesla, Marconi, and Todd did not know that they were working
with identical data, nor did they know that these data
corroborated, in a quantitative manner, the theoretical model
built by Tsiolkovsky.
This paper presents the investigations and experimental data of
Nikola Tesla, Guglielmo Marconi and David Todd. The data are
first brought together in a historical model (1899-1924) and
then are shown to be the natural complement of a current
theoretical model (1959-1962). These data are then recommended
for assembly into a quantitative five model according to the
theoretical outline described by Tsiolkovsky.*1
Our purpose in this paper is to examine the original data of
Tesla, Marconi and Todd in response to a rhetorical inquiry
presented by the Office of the Director of Defense Research and
Engineering, asking: "What research is being done to keep
abreast of the scientific advances of the past... to see that
there is not needless duplication of effort? Did the advances of
the past fail to find application due to a lack of need for
application at the time, or failure to have developed some
technique or material ancillary to the application of the
scientific advance?"
*1 For purpose of economy-of-presentation, biographical details
of Tesla, Marconi, Todd and Tsiolkovsky are omitted and only as
much historical background is used as is necessary to establish
a chronology of events. 1
Tesla: Experiments in High-Frequency (1892-1907)
As early as 1892, Nikola Tesla had defined the use of the
magnetic field of the terrestrial globe as a means of signal and
energy transmission.2 To reduce this idea to practice, Tesla
designed and built equipment3 capable of producing
high-frequency currents, including the ability for tuning both
transmitting and receiving coils to any desired frequency or
wavelength.4
In a paper delivered at the 1893 meeting of the National
Electric Light Association, Tesla stated that the purpose of his
laboratory investigation was to know what is the capacitance of
the earth, and what charge does it contain if electrified.
"Though we have no positive evidence of a charged body existing
in space without other oppositely charged electric bodies being
near," said Tesla, "there is a fair probability that the earth
is such a body, for by whatever process it was separated*2 ...
it must have retained a charge as occurs in all processes of
mechanical separation."5
Tesla continued his lecture, stating that the intent of his
calculations was "... to ascertain at what period the earth's
charge when disturbed, oscillates, with respect to an oppositely
charged system or known circuit."6 In effect Tesla was
theorizing that the planet Earth has a circuit-identification,
i.e., a 'signature' of its own, and that, given the proper
equipment, he could broadcast this identity wholesale into the
universe.
*2 Tesla’s views regarding the origin of the earth are derived
from ideas proposed by Sir George Darwin (1845-1912), e.g., that
the moon was torn from the Earth by solar tides cf. ‘Mysteries
of the Moon’, Dr. Harold Urey, New York Times, October 8, 1961
By 1896 Tesla developed a prototype oscillator of sufficient
capacity that he was able to demonstrate a ‘loop’ circuit which
was tied in with the earth's magnetic field. Test of the
oscillator at the Houston Street Laboratory (New York) in 1896
are bet remembered for the ‘earthquake’ tremors that were
distributed over an area of twelve city blocks. Three years
after the Houston Street effort Tesla was now ready to begin a
full scale experiment. For this purpose he had constructed a
special laboratory near Colorado Springs, Colorado.
The Colorado laboratory (Figure 1) was located on a vast expanse
of plain, 2000 meters above sea level. The entire laboratory
was designed in keeping with Tesla's plan to make the
terrestrial globe a propagation device for the transmission of
energy.
[] Figure 1. With reference to Figure 1, the mast is 280 feet
high and is topped with a copper ball approximately three feet
in diameter. The interior of the building was walled in a
circular manner to accommodate the winding of a primary coil 75
feet in diameter. In operation, surges of power were driven,
alternately, into the earth and outward from the top of the
mast. Broadcast wavelengths were registered at 2000 meters.7
Banks of incandescent lights ‘plugged into’ the ground 26 miles
from the laboratory-site flowed and flashed and throughout the
experiments. Specialized instrumentation built to record the
experiments at the Colorado laboratory was sensitive to the
point that Tesla could detect and catalogue every type of
atmospheric electrical disturbance within a radius of 1100
miles.
It was during the tests conducted in Colorado in 1899 that Tesla
detected the phenomenon which he described as an interplanetary
communication. Speaking of the data that, unexpectedly, had
registered on his instruments Tesla said that the signals took
place "... periodically, and with such a clear suggestion of
number and order that they were not traceable to any cause then
known to me. I was familiar ... with such electrical
disturbances as are produced by the sun, Aurora Borealis and
earth currents, and I was as sure as I could be of any fact that
these variations were due to none of these causes. The nature
of my experiments precluded the possibility of the changes being
produced by atmospheric disturbances .... Although I could not
decipher their meaning, it was impossible for me to think of
them as having been entirely accidental ... a purpose was behind
these signals8 ...they are the results of an attempt by some
human beings, not of our world, to speak to us by signals .. I
am absolutely certain that they are not caused by anything
terrestrial."9
Following the experience in Colorado in 1899, Tesla became
increasingly reluctant to release further details via the press
and other public media. There is reason to believe, however,
that the phenomenon Tesla recorded in Colorado, in 1899,
consisted of three parts which, eventually, Tesla identified in
terms analogous only to our present-day Information Theory.
Tesla's efforts to respond in kind with a fourth part were
therefore understandably abstruse to the point where "... for
particular reasons," he said, the "... full technical report
descriptive of the apparatus and results would be reserved for
the records of the academies of science."10
Marconi-Todd: Observations and Experimentation (1899-1924)
On March 27, 1899, while Tesla was completing construction of
the Colorado laboratory, Guglielmo Marconi concluded his first
significant communication experiment: wireless
transmission/receiving across the English Channel.
The achievement (transmission of the code-letter 'V' from
Wimereaux, France, to South Foreland, England - a distance of 50
miles) was the culmination of personal convictions and
laboratory efforts closely resembling the equipment approach
taken by Tesla. "Electrical actions or manifestations," said
Marconi in 1897, describing his basic patent, "are transmitted
through the air, earth, or water by means of electric
oscillations of high frequency."11 And again, as with Tesla,
Marconi's method of inquiry was to search for, and to duplicate
the prototypes already existing in nature.12 Experimental
techniques, according to Marconi's view are "... no more than a
simple consequence of observing and studying the means employed
by nature to obtain her effects of heat, light, of magnetism
across space. As the heat and light of the sun upon which
depend the life of our planet are transmitted across millions
and millions of kilometers of space, as the light of the most
distant stars, as the electrical and magnetic perturbations of
nature are manifested to us after having crossed the most
immeasurable distances, it appeared to me {Marconi} that by
adopting means similar to those adopted by nature, it should be
possible to transmit these effects at our will..."13 The
correctness of Marconi's approach, i.e., finding his prototypes
in the phenomena of nature, and implementing his findings with
compatible devices, was aptly demonstrated on December 12, 1901,
with the transmission of the first transatlantic message.
Signals (a repetition of the code-letter "S") sent from the 25
Kilowatt station at Poldhu (Pold-ju) in Cornwall, England, were
received via a kite-borne antenna flown from St. Johns,
Newfoundland, a distance of 1800 miles. Following this success
and the eventual establishment of an international Wireless
Telegraph Company, Marconi once again turned to basic research.
To ensure personal independence, Marconi fitted out a floating
laboratory (the 220 foot yacht Elettra). In this environment
Marconi could work "...at all hours of the day and the night,
finding without delay suitable grounds for all kinds of
experiments which would be difficult and complicated to carry
out on land."14 It was in September, 1921, aboard the Elettra,
while conducting atmospheric experiments in the Mediterranean
area, that Marconi detected the phenomenon which he described as
an interplanetary communication. The first report of this
experience was released by J. C. H. MacBeth, London Manager of
the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company.
"The signals", MacBeth said, "registered high in the meter band,
although the maximum length of earth-produced waves at the time
was 14,000 meters. The theory that the waves were produced by
electrical disturbances was disproved by the regularity of the
pulses. Although the pulses apparently consisted of a code, the
only signal similar to earth codes was one resembling the letter
‘V’ in the Marconi Code. Marconi himself expressed the belief
that the signal had originated ... at some point in outer
space."15
In his own discussion of the signals Marconi stated that he
expected interplanetary communications to take the form of a
"... transmission of pictures accompanied by a simple code."16
In this statement Marconi anticipated by 3 years the results of
the remarkable "listening" experiment conducted by Dr. David
Todd, then professor of Astronomy at Amherst College,
Massachusetts.
[] On the night of August 22, 1924, the planet Mars approached
to within thirty-four and a half million miles.17 Realizing
that this close an approach would not come again until the year
2000, a "listening" experiment was arranged by Dr. Todd. At Dr.
Todd's suggestion the U.S. Government, through diplomatic
channels, requested that all countries with high-power
transmitters turn off their equipment for 5 minutes every hour
from 11:50 p.m. August 21, to 11:50 p.m. August 23.18
A radio-photo message device was used to record results of the
experiment. The device19 was attached to a receiving set and
adjusted to a wave-length of 6000 meters. Incoming radio
signals received during the test period were converted to light
signals which, in turn were printed on a reel of photo-sensitive
tape five inches wide. Figure 2 (left) Figure 3
(below)
[]
The printed tape, following the experiment, was 25 feet long,
comprising 16 printed frames, and contained a pattern of dots
and dashes (Figure 2) plus some configurations of grouped
signals (Figure 3) located at approximately 30 minutes intervals
on the tape.20
The rationale for determining whether the signals reported by
Tesla, Marconi and Todd, i.e., between 1899 and 1924, are the
result of random noise, electrical leaks, or the effects of
various diathermy machines, or whether the signals are
authentic, requires first of all that the data be assembled into
a historical model. The second requirement is that the model
agree with a theoretical construct. And, finally, that in the
matching of the historical model to the theoretical construct
there be neither ‘forcing’ nor expedient collusion. We shall
examine all three of these conditions.
Historical Model
As shown in Figure 4 there is a consistency of
signal-to-noise-response between the sending of the Morse 'V' in
March, 1899, and the monitoring of an unknown identical response
in September, 1921. In this first cycle the signal-to-response
time was 22 years. The consistency holds true again for the
sending of the Morse 'S' in December, 1901, and the monitoring
of the Morse 'S' plus an additional code in August, 1924. Again
the signal-to-noise time was 22 years. No other data are known.
Prudence demands that we not surmise and add more to the model
than actually exists.
Theoretical Model []
If we regard the historical model (Figure 4) as a discrete
period of time (1899-1924) marking the very earliest attempts at
communication by means of electromagnetic radiation, then,
according to the hypothesis of Dr. Frank D. Drake (Radio
Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia), other older
civilizations searching the universe for radiation from abodes
of life would "... detect the very early transmissions of a
civilization having just discovered radio.21 Using passive
observation equipment on the order of a very powerful radio
telescope, detection of these primitive efforts would be
reliable and quick.22
Figure 4. Drake's hypothesis agrees closely with the data of the
historical model. Tesla's Colorado experiments in 1899 were,
using Drake's words, "... the very early transmission of a
civilization having just discovered radio".23 The immediate
detection of Tesla's experiments by means of passive observation
equipment is strongly suggest in the delayed
signal-echo-phenomena observed by Hals, Stormer, Van Der Pol,
and E. V. Appleton (1927-1928),24 and the careful calculations
and experimental data by Budden and Yates (1952) concluding that
the delayed echo-phenomena they were examining was in fact the
result of planar reflections from a system "... fixed in space
relative to the earth and moving [in orbit] permanently with the
earth."25
"Once a civilization is discovered," says Drake, continuing his
hypothesis, "it is expected that ... an introductory signal [be
sent] to the new found civilization."26 In this regard the
multi-million volt surges of radio noise generated by Tesla
during the Colorado experiments in 1899 were intended to produce
electrical waves " ... of such magnitude that, without the
slightest doubt, [the] effect will be perceptible on some of our
nearer planets."27 During a pause in the experiments there had
been noted by Tesla - and anticipating by 60 years Drake's
comment above - a series of incoming signals "... taking place
periodically and with such a clear suggestion of number and
order ... the feeling in constantly growing on me that I had
been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another."28
The physical characteristics of the monitored signals as listed
in the historical model (Figure 4), and as posited in theory,
likewise present a remarkable similarity. The signals monitored
by Tesla (1899), Marconi (1921); and by Hals, Stormer and Van
Der Pol (1927) are characteristically simple. The signals are,
basically, a "response-in-kind" repeating the original
transmission, although on a higher-frequency, and performing, at
least in part, a recognition function. In this respect the
historical model supports Sebastian von Hoerner's opinion that
"... the nature of the signals will be defined entirely by the
purpose they serve and by the most economical way to achieve
this purpose."29
The simplicity appropriate to a recognition of a civilization
just having discovered electromagnetic techniques is likewise
consistent with M. H. Briggs' theory that another civilization
would "... deliberately render the signal capable of detection
as an artificial transmission by sending a 'message' composed of
some regularly repeated pattern of impulses."30
A more sophisticated theory - which nevertheless is exactly
analogous with the radio-photo data recorded during Dr. Todd's
‘listening’ experiment (1924) is offered in Drake's private
suggestion that other civilizations would "... send out pulses
in clusters - a series of pulses followed by a pause, another
series, another pause, and so on. The number of signals in each
pulse could stand for intensity of light or dark and we could
build up a picture on the basis of the information received."31
The radio-photo tape used in the ‘listening’ experiment (1924)
recorded 16 increments or frames, of clustered pulses, each
increment separated by a 30 minute pause. The format of the
pulses suggested two distinct efforts: signals, and images
(Figures 2 and 3). A most interesting comment here, and
certainly beyond explanation, is Marconi's emphatic statement to
the press (September, 1921) following his own experience of
monitoring signals originating from an unknown point in space,
that he fully expected interplanetary communication to be in the
form of "...transmission of pictures accompanied by a simple
code."32
The final piece of information carried over from the historical
model is the data representing signal-to-response time. Tesla's
experience, as we have noted earlier, is identifiable with the
Budden and Yates conclusion pointing to the existence of a
system fixed in space relative to the earth and moving in orbit
permanently with the earth,33 and with F. D. Drake's theory of a
passive observation system tuned to detect and to respond
quickly to new sources of electromagnetic radiation. With
Marconi and Todd, however, the signal-to-response time on both
occasions was 22 years. And here, too, the historical model
agrees most exactly with the contemporary theory that the
probability of occurrence of life in the universe is best
predictable on the basis of considering first those stars most
resembling our own sun. The following table, prepared by
Su-Shu-Huang34 of the Institute of Advanced
Studies, at Princeton, quantitatively reconstructed this theory:
Nearby Stars On Whose Planets (If Any) Living Beings Have A
Better-Than-Average Chance To Develop
Star Distance in Spectral Type Luminosity
Light Years
Sun G2 1.00
Epsilon 10.8 K2 0.34
Eridani
Tau Ceti 11.8 G4 0.38
Signal-to-response times rated at the speed of light place the
transmitted/monitored signals of Marconi and Todd exactly in the
Epsilon/Eridani/Tau Ceti bracket.
The Antecedence of the Historical Model
The experience of Tesla, Marconi, and Todd were, respectively,
personal and individual; there was no joint effort or
comparative analysis either before or after the experience. In
each instance a particular phenomenon was observed and recorded
- and nothing more. As discrete events representative of
isolated scientific phenomena distributed over the years
1899-1924, the value of each event at the time of occurrence
was, therefore, impossible to ascertain. In composite form,
however (as brought together in Figure 4), there comes into
existence and without in any way distorting the individual
events themselves - an inter-relationship of events. This
inter-relationship (and the potential it carries) is the male
factor that makes theory come alive with meaning. For this
reason neither the events of the historical model not the data
of the theoretical construct can, alone, be meaningful. The
fact that the historical model came into existence first, and
that the shaping of the theoretical model came 35 years later
(beginning in 1959), is less important than the fact that each
is a natural complement to the other.
Tsiolkovsky: An Advanced Theoretical Model
In the development of a theoretical model to give meaning to the
historical events of 1899-1924 we have used the interim period
of 35 years as a guarantee, i.e., an insulation, to assure that
the complementary matching is natural rather than collusive. We
have presented an historical approach to the subject and,
deliberately, have avoided any attempt to interpret the data,
reserving this subject for a specific paper.35
As a preliminary estimate, however, there are indications that
the final interpretation will proceed more along the lines of
Information Theory, and Image Processing, rather than in the
conventional manner of reducing signals to alpha-numeric
characters. The factors of guidance in this future effort are
the intuitions inherent in the advanced theoretical model
proposed by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935). In the same
manner that the model comprising the historical events of
1899-1924 is complementary to the opinions of the present-day
scientific community, so too can we predict with some accuracy
that a quantitative analysis of these same historical data will
advance the state of the art to the level of Tsiolkovsky's
theory of interplanetary communication.
Even before Shannon's development of the Information Theory
(1948), Tsiolkovsky had maintained that "...the simple
repetition of signals is an obsolete method, convenient only in
the initial state of interstellar communication, in a form of
short and simple signals."36 Probing deeply for answers to the
questions of entropy and negentropy, Tsiolkovsky worked with
concepts that would not be related to signal theory until many
years later with the advent of Wiener, Shannon, and Weaver.
"Science cannot avoid strange paths" was Tsiolkovsky's dictum.
In this paper we have utilized the historic approach in an
attempt to mark out the beginning of just such a path, and,
insofar as possible, to remove some of the strangeness.
References
1. Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering,
January, 1961 'Important Areas of Electronic Research' quoting
W. R. G. Baker, President of Syracuse University Research
Corporation.
2. Nikola Tesla, 'Experiments with Alternative Currents', The
Institute of Electrical Engineers, London, England, February,
1892.
3. The equipment built in 1893 is described in U.S.
Government Patents, Numbers 645, 576 and 649, 621. These
patents descriptions contain all the fundamental features of
radio broadcasting and receiving circuits. The work was
accomplished 14 years in advance of Marconi's similar effort.
4. 'Prodigal Genius, The Life of Nikola Tesla', John J.
O'Neill, Ives Washburn, Incorporated, 1994, Part II, Chapter
VIII, pp. 121-127.
5. Ibid., Part II, Chapter VIII, p. 132.
6. Ibid., Part II, Chapter VIII, p. 132.
7. Nikola Tesla, 'The Transmission of Electric Energy Without
Wires', The Electrical World and Engineer, March 5, 1904.
8. Nikola Tesla, 'Talking with the Planets' Current
Literature, March, 1901, pp. 359-360.
9. 'Tesla Has a Message from the Stars', Western Electrician,
January 12, 1901, p. 33.
10. Western Electrician, July 13, 1907, p. 37.
11. Guglielmo Marconi, Patent Number 12,039 (England), July 2,
1897.
12. Compare with Pope Pious XII, Address to the Third
International Communication Congress, October 12, 1935. The
extraordinary achievements of science and technology "... are
in reality nothing but the discovery and possession of forces
and pre-existing laws which the Creator spread throughout the
universe and which have operated actively since the beginning of
creation.
13. 'My Father, Marconi', Degna Marconi, McGraw-Hill Company,
New York, 1962, Part II, Chapter VII, p. 148.
14. Ibid., Part III, Chapter VIII, p.231
15. Condensed from an article by Vincent H. Gaddis.
16. The New York Times, September 3, 1921, 4:4.
17. Mars is, on the average, 200,000,000 miles from Earth, and,
at the greatest distance, is 235,000,000 miles from Earth. On
August 23, 1924, Mars and Earth were almost at the critical
positions for a minimum separation of 34,648,000 miles.
18. The general description of this experiment is derived from
accounts carried in the Washington Post, August 21-22, 1924, The
New York Times, August 23, 1924; and from a further article by
Vincent H. Gaddis.
19. The machine was a Jenkins Radio-Camera, regularly used for
recording on a long photo-sensitive paper strip five-inches wide
a radio-transmitted message or news copy sent by radio directly
from a typewritten paper strip in the sending machine at the
broadcasting station. In the camera a very small light source
is arranged to traverse this photo strip in transverse lines,
sixty lines to the inch. The Longitudinal movement of the paper
strip and the transverse movement of the light are both
accomplished by an electric motor attachment, the motor being
situated outside the light tight camera box.
The camera box was located in a dark room so that the camera
could be opened and the paper strip put in and taken out without
getting it light-struck. The adjustment of the motor speed was
such as to move the strip about an inch every half-hour.
The tiny light was attached to a radio receiving set located
inside the dark room and the radio set adjusted to the longest
wave length possible with this set (between 5000 and 6000
meters).
About 25 feet of the photo strip was put into the machine at
about 1:20pm, Friday, August 22, 1924, and taken out Saturday
somewhat later in the afternoon, it is being discovered that the
strip had all passed through when the camera was opened.
Any incoming radio signals which were within the limits of the
wave length of the set would flash the tiny lamp, and these
flashes would be recorded on the light-sensitive strip. The
completed strip, which was developed on a motion picture film
rack, contained a record of all incoming radio signals.
20. A detailed and quantitative analysis of the signals
received by Dr. David Todd in 1924 is the subject of a paper
currently in preparation by Mr. C. D. Jackson of the IBM
Systems Analysis Group, in Bethesda, Maryland. This paper,
entitled ' An Experiment in Extra-Terrestrial Communications'
will be offered to the American Rocket Society at a future
meeting.
21. F. D. Drake, ‘Project OZMA’, Physics Today, April, 1961,
pp. 40-46.
22. F. D. Drake, Ibid.
23. See Note Number 3 (Tesla’s experimental application of
radio technology.)
24. Nature, No. 3079, Vol. 122, November 3, 1928; Nature, No.
3084, Vol. 122, December 8, 1928; see also A. Hoyt Taylor and L.
C. Young, Proc., IRE, 16, 561, 1928.
25. K. G. Budden and G. G. Yates, ‘A Search for Radio Echoes of
Long Delay’, Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics,
1952, Vol. 2, pp. 272 - 281, Pergamon Press, Ltd., London.
26. F. D. Drake, ‘Project OZMA’, Physics Today, April, 1961,
pp. 40-46.
27. Vjekoslav Gradecak, quoting Nikola Tesla, in ‘Electricity
for Space Exploration’, Ryan Aerospace, Vol. 23, February 1962,
No. 1, Ryan Aeronautical Company, San Diego, California.
28. Nikola Tesla, ‘Talking With the Planets’, Current
Literature, March, 1901, pp. 359-360.
29. Sebastian von Hoerner, ‘The Search for Signals from Other
Civilizations’, Science, December, 1961, pp. 1839 and ff.
30. Michael H. Briggs, ‘Superior Galactic Communities’, Nature,
187, 1102; 1960.
31. Editorial, quoting Dr. F. D. Drake, Science, Volume 130,
Number 3391, December 25, 1959.
32. The New York Times, 4:4, September 3, 1921.
33. See Budden and Yates, Note Number 25.
34. Su-Shu Huang, ‘Occurrence of Life in the Universe’,
American Scientist, Volume 47, No. 3., September, 1959, pp.
397-402.
35. See Note No. 20.
36. Private Communication, September 4, 1962, from Dr. Alexis N.
Tsvetikov, Department of Biophysics, Stanford University,
Stanford, California.
Special Acknowledgement
The authors extend a particular acknowledgement of the
assistance of Mrs. Walter V. Bingham for making available for
use in this paper private documents
and notes belonging to her father, the late Dr. David Todd.
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