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From: UFO UpDates - Toronto <updates@globalserve.net>
Date: Sat, 06 Mar 1999 09:55:51 -0500
Fwd Date: Sat, 06 Mar 1999 09:55:51 -0500
Subject: Hoagland Charged With More Plagiarism & Fraud



Source: Jeff Rense's 'Sightings' Homepage

http://www.sightings.com/ufo2/remedy.htm


Richard Hoagland Charged With More Plagiarism And Fraud

From Ralph Greenberg
     Professor of Mathematics
     University of Washington
     Seattle, WA

3-5-99

Note - As always, these serious allegations would seem to require
some response from Richard Hoagland. Again, we urge him to
address these issues as soon as possible. His response will be
published here as soon as received.


Date: Fri, 5 Mar 1999 17:10:01 -0800 (PST)
From: Ralph Greenberg <greenber@math.washington.edu
To: eotl@west.net
Subject: Europa and Hoagland


Dear Mr. Rense,

I've noticed that you have provided a forum on your website
about Hoagland's claim of credit for the Abydos glyphs. There is
another issue that should be brought to the attention of the
public.

As you may know, I have written a long and well-documented
article on the history of the idea that Europa might have an
ocean. Over the years, many people have been misled by Richard
Hoagland to believe that he was the originator of that idea, as
well as the idea that life might develop in such an ocean.

It has given him a tremendous amount of undeserved credibility.

Since June of 1997, I have been trying very hard to correct this
distortion of history. I've informed a relatively small number
of people about my article. I would like to bring it to the
attention of as many people as possible. If I wrote a relatively
short piece pointing out how Hoagland has distorted this
history, would you consider providing a similar forum for that?

You can find my article on my homepage here:

http://www.math.washington.edu/~greenber/Europa.html

It will be obvious how much work I put into writing that
article. It is not intended to criticize Hoagland at all. I just
wanted to set the record straight.

But my fax to Art Bell, which you can find there, will give you
an idea of my futile attempt to get some honesty about this
issue onto his show.


--Ralph Greenberg

Professor of Mathematics
University of Washington
Seattle, WA


   _____________

Fax To Art Bell Asking For Remedy


The following is the text of a fax sent to Art Bell on December
15th, 1997. A similar fax had been sent to him on December 4th,
1997 and also a few days later, all with the hope that he would
at least partially read one of them to his audience.

In February and March, 1998, I sent several other faxes to Art
Bell which were much shorter and which were mostly a copy of
part of a letter that I received from Arthur C. Clarke.

Art Bell has never shared any of these faxes with his audience.



Dear Art,

On December 4th, 1997, Richard Hoagland was a guest on your
show. I was very dismayed to hear him make the claim that he was
the first person to write a "scientific paper" proposing the
ideas that Europa might possibly have a global liquid water
ocean and that life might possibly develop in such an ocean.
This is a rather misleading and factually incorrect statement. I
feel that your audience deserves to hear an accurate version of
the history of those ideas and hope that you will share the
following brief summary with them.

In the 1950s, the astronomer G.P.Kuiper discovered evidence that
the surface of Europa and some of the other satellites of
Jupiter seemed to be covered with water in the form of ice or
frost. This was finally confirmed in the early 1970s. In an
article published in 1971, John S. Lewis proposed and studied
the possibility that Europa and other ice-covered bodies in our
solar system might actually have a liquid water ocean under a
crust of ice. This idea was explored in a number of articles by
various scientists during the 1970s.

One important one which appeared in 1976 by John S. Lewis and
G.J.Consolmagno gives rather detailed estimates of the possible
thickness of the ice crust and the possible depth of an ocean
that might exist on Europa and other moons of Jupiter. These
estimates are based on various sets of assumptions about the
early history and the composition of those bodies. For example,
in one of their models, they estimate that Europa might have an
ice crust 70-km thick covering an ocean of water 100-km deep,
all of this over a rocky core 1400-km in radius. The underlying
idea is that radioactive decay in the core might produce enough
heat to maintain a liquid water ocean.

In 1979, another idea was proposed which focused attention
specifically on Europa. Two NASA scientists--P. Cassen and
R.T.Reynolds--together with a physicist S.J.Peale from the
University of California wrote an article entitled "Is there
liquid water on Europa?" Their idea was that the gravitational
forces which Jupiter and Ganymede (another of Jupiter's moons)
exert on Europa might generate enough frictional heat to
maintain a liquid water ocean on Europa. Under one set of
reasonable assumptions, they estimate that Europa might have an
ice crust under 10-kms in thickness covering a liquid water
ocean with a depth of about 90-kms.

In 1979, there were two Voyager missions to the Jupiter system.
This article about Europa was written about one month before
Voyager 2 started sending back high resolution images of Europa
in July, 1979. At the end of their article, the authors
expressed hope that such images might provide some evidence, one
way or the other, concerning the existence of an ocean on
Europa. I think that there can be little doubt that this article
was widely discussed around NASA because these very same
scientists had published another article just a few days before
Voyager 1 passed by Io (another moon of Jupiter) in which they
made a very startling prediction that extensive volcanic
activity should exist on Io. Within a few weeks, the images from
Voyager 1 confirmed that their prediction about Io was correct.

The idea that a liquid water ocean under a thick crust of ice
might exist on Europa and some of the other moons of Jupiter
seems to have become rather widely known by the end of the
1970s. I have even found several books written for the general
public at the end of that decade which discuss that possibility.
To me, it seems quite obvious that the possibility of such an
ocean would lead many people to speculate about the existence of
life in such an environment. In fact, Carl Sagan had already
included Europa and Ganymede in a short list of bodies in our
solar system which he believed had some potential for the
existence of life. This was in an article he wrote in 1971. He
included Europa and Ganymede because of the evidence that they
might have water in the form of ice or frost on their surfaces.
The possibility of an ocean of water would certainly be far more
encouraging. However, one obvious and serious issue is the fact
that, under a thick crust of ice, photosynthesis would probably
be a very unlikely possibility. There would have to be an
alternative basis for the chemistry of life that could evolve in
such an environment.

I have found several cases where various individuals presented
such speculations to the general public or to the scientific
community. The first that I found was in Scotland. There is a
very active group of amateur and professional astronomers in
Scotland, called ASTRA, which sponsors public lectures and
discussions about all aspects of astronomy. In 1976, some of
their members proposed various ideas about how life might
develop on Europa and Ganymede . For example, they suggested
that complex molecules might be synthesized by electrical storms
in the thin atmospheres of these bodies, that such compounds
might seep down into liquid water reservoirs or oceans under the
surface, and that volcanic activity deep down might provide an
alternative energy source to light. These ideas are reported on
in a book written by Duncan Lunan, entitled New Worlds for Old,
published in 1979.

In a delightful book entitled Life Beyond Earth, Gerald Feinberg
and Robert Shapiro propose some general ideas about the
chemistries which could be a basis for life in unearth-like
environments. Feinberg presented some of these ideas in a
lecture that he gave at a conference Extraterrestials--Where Are
They? at the University of Maryland in November, 1979. In their
book the authors discuss Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto based on
the models proposed by Lewis and Consolmagno in 1976. They write
that if life is to develop in the putative oceans of such bodies
under a thick crust of ice, it is crucial that some energy
sources exist which can provide heat in concentrated form. They
mention the possibility of volcanic eruptions or upwellings of
hot gases from the core. They compare such environments to those
which were discovered in 1977 on Earth at places on the ocean
bottom where hot springs emerge providing sites which have an
abundance of living creatures. Their book, three years in the
writing, was published in 1980.

Another scientific conference occurred at NASA's Ames Research
Center in June, 1979, which was called Life in the Universe. The
exobiologist Ben Clark gave a lecture at that conference where
he also discussed the possibility of life developing in buried
liquid water reservoirs or oceans on Europa, Ganymede and some
other ice-covered bodies. Inspired by the 1977 discoveries of
small, isolated ecosystems near hot springs at ocean bottoms
here on Earth, he suggested that something similar might happen
on such bodies. But he pointed out that photosynthesis does in
fact play some role in these ecosystems on Earth. He proposed
some specific alternative chemistries, based on Sulfur, which
might provide a basis for life in the possible oceans of Europa
and other bodies without photosynthesis.

Finally I will mention the imaginative and inspiring article
written by your frequent guest Richard Hoagland. His article,
entitled "The Europa Enigma" appeared in the January, 1980 issue
of Star & Sky . In that article, Hoagland discusses the
possibility that an ocean might have existed and might still
exist under an icy crust, summarizing some of the scientific
articles that had appeared on this topic. He speculates about
how complex organic compounds might develop and that
undersurface volcanic activity might provide a possible energy
source for life to evolve. There are many interesting ideas in
that article. As many people in your audience might know,
Hoagland's article inspired Arthur C. Clarke to use Europa as a
background for his novel 2010: Odyssey 2.

I would like to quote one paragraph from a letter which I
received recently from Arthur C. Clarke concerning Hoagland's
article and the ideas that Europa might have an ocean and that
life might develop there. "I am also grateful to him [Dick
Hoagland] for the excellent 1980 article he wrote--my first
introduction to the idea. Since then I have become aware of the
fact that many others had thought of it first, as you point
out."

What I've written above is a summary of a much longer survey of
the history of these ideas about Europa which I wrote last May
and circulated among various scientists and journalists. I also
sent a copy to Arthur C. Clarke and to Richard Hoagland. I sent
a second copy to Hoagland in September. Perhaps you can
understand why I was quite disturbed by Hoagland's statement on
your show a few weeks ago. I would be very appreciative if you
could take the time to read what I've written.

Sincerely yours,
Ralph Greenberg

Professor of Mathematics
University of Washington
Seattle, WA